Showing papers on "Human migration published in 1993"
Book•
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01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: The third edition of the 3rd edition of as mentioned in this paper is the most comprehensive survey of international migration in the post-Cold-War era of globalization, focusing on the formation of ethnic minorities.
Abstract: Preface to the 3rd Edition - Introduction - The Migratory Process and the Formation of Ethnic Minorities - International Migration Before 1945 - Migration to Highly Developed Countries since 1945 - The State of International Migration: The Quest for Control - The Next Waves: The Globalization of International Migration - New Migrations in the Asia-Pacific Region - Migrants and Minorities in the Labour Force - The Migratory Process: A Comparison of Australia and Germany - New Ethnic Minorities and Society - Migrants and Politics - Conclusion: Migration in the Post Cold-War Era of Globalization
3,041 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1993TL;DR: The fifth edition of this leading text has been substantially revised to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive assessment of the nature, extent and dimensions of international population movements, as well as of their consequences.
Abstract: International migration is a central feature of the contemporary world. The fifth edition of this leading text has been substantially revised to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive assessment of the nature, extent and dimensions of international population movements, as well as of their consequences. Taking full account of the latest developments, including the impact of the global economic crisis and the relationship of globalization to migration, this text firmly contextualizes the main issues, theories and history that contribute to the field. This latest edition has extensive coverage of regional case studies, as well as additional material that examines the effect of climate change on migration. The book's companion website helps to consolidate learning by providing additional resources, including further case studies, links to external web-pages and a web-only chapter.
1,925 citations
Posted Content•
357 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that restrictive trade policies in industrialised countries have most likely added to migration pressures and the relationship between development levels, as measured by GDP per capita, and the propensity to migrate follows an inverse-U pattern.
178 citations
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of national monographs on the impact of international migration on receiving countries initiated by the Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography (CICRED) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) is presented.
Abstract: This book has been prepared within the framework of a series of national monographs on the impact of international migration on receiving countries initiated by the Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography (CICRED) and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). It combines analyses of both the demographic and the socio-economic cultural and political impacts of migration on Dutch society. In Part I the growth of the population of foreign descent and the changes in its demographic composition are described as well as trends in and backgrounds of international migration fertility mortality nuptiality and naturalization. Part II focuses on ethnic minorities. The development of the social position of ethnic minorities is depicted using an analytical model that includes as main indicators labour income social security education and housing....The main conclusions are summarized in Part III and a cautious attempt is made to forecast future developments and their consequences. (EXCERPT)
86 citations
Book Chapter•
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the major characteristics trends differences and determinants of internal migration urbanization and population distribution in sub-Saharan Africa have been discussed, including external factors (global political and economic conditions) government policies and programs community factors household decisions and environmental and resource factors.
Abstract: Information was provided on the major characteristics trends differences and determinants of internal migration urbanization and population distribution in sub-Saharan Africa. African mobility has been described as circulation migration (short-term periodic movements long-term movements and seasonal movements) and as definitive migration (irregular movements and permanent movements). A brief overview of the types of literature on migration the number of empirical studies and the major issues addressed was provided. The most common movements were intrarural. Although nomadism has been a dominant life style in Africa there has been increased emphasis on sedentarization and permanent resettlement rather than spontaneous migration. The motivation in rural areas has been the search for new lands. The long-term trend toward spatial redistribution has been most affected by rural to urban migration. The motivation has been the search for better health care educational opportunities and availability of jobs. There has been periodic return migration during peak agricultural seasons among retirees and among unsuccessful urban migrants. There has been limited interurban movement. Remittances sent home were used to assure a receptive community for potential return migration. The peak age of migrants was 20-24 years. During the 1960s and 1970s males dominated migration flows. However during the 1980s more women were migrating either with husbands or in associative migrations. Some have contended that autonomous female migration was more important than associative migration in recent times. Higher income and educational status have played a role in migration. Many determinants of migration have been identified. Those discussed in this article as preeminent were external factors (global political and economic conditions) government policies and programs community factors household decisions and environmental and resource factors. In Africa urbanization preceded industrialization and urban population has concentrated in primary cities. The rate of urban growth during 1985-90 was 5%. Eastern Africa has been the least urbanized but three eastern African countries are expected to be over 50% urban by 2000. Natural increase and migration have contributed to urban growth. Population density varied widely by country and has increased since 1975.
77 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of the psychosocial dynamics involved in the lives of women left behind as a consequence of their spouses' departure to the United States revealed that most of these women were satisfied with their husbands 'decision to migrate and with their own lives in Mexico, however, they experienced stress associated with the welfare of the absent husband, acquisition of new responsibilities and obligations, and family disintegration.
Abstract: The human migration process between any two countries has two components that are equally important: the migrant and the family left behind. Unfortunately, the latter component has not received the attention it deserves from researchers and service providers. This study was conducted with 202 Mexican women living in their country, married to immigrant workers residing in the United States. The purpose of the study was to investigate some of the psychosocial dynamics involved in the lives of women left behind as a consequence of their spouses' departure to the United States. Findings revealed that most of these women were satisfied with their husbands 'decision to migrate and with their own lives in Mexico. However, they experienced stress associated with the welfare of the absent husband, acquisition of new responsibilities and obligations, and family disintegration. Results are discussed within the sociocultural context of the communities where the women live.
76 citations
TL;DR: A review of the existing literature on human migration reveals relatively few studies that explicitly examine the relationships between public policy decisions and human migration flows, and suggests for incorporating public sector information into existing migration analysis frameworks and further areas of research.
Abstract: CHARNEY A. H. (1993) Migration and the public sector: a survey, Reg. Studies 27, 3133–326. A review of the existing literature on human migration reveals relatively few studies that explicitly examine the relationships between public policy decisions and human migration flows. The surveyed literature includes studies of national policies, such as defence spending, migration subsidies and intergovernmental transfers, as well as sub-national policies, such as welfare and unemployment benefits, state and local taxes, education and other public services. Suggestions for incorporating public sector information into existing migration analysis frameworks and further areas of research are provided. CHARNEY A. H. (1993) La migration et le secteur public: une etude, Reg. Studies 27, 313–326. Faire la critique de la documentation disponible sur la migration humaine laisse voir que rares sont les etudes traitant explicitement des rapports entre la politique d'Etat et les flux migratoires. La documentation examinee c...
62 citations
TL;DR: In this article, high school students in Alaska's Northwest Arctic and Bristol Bay regions reflect the social changes taking place in rural Native communities, and significant differences exist between the aspirations of young people in small villages and those in the larger towns that constitute regional hubs (Kotzebue and Dillingham).
Abstract: Recent surveys of high school students in Alaska's Northwest Arctic and Bristol Bay regions reflect the social changes taking place in rural Native communities. Significant differences exist between the aspirations of young people in small villages and those in the larger towns that constitute regional hubs (Kotzebue and Dillingham). Town students, who attend more complete and varied high schools, express greater confidence in their educations and more interest in attending college. Jobs at Red Dog Mine, recently opened in the Northwest Arctic, appeal particularly to young males with strong ties to village life. This labor pool presents special challenges for the mine's goal of 100% Native employment, however. A majority of town students and about half of the village students expect to migrate permanently away from their home region. The likelihood of expecting migration increases curvilinearly with community size. Young women and college- aspiring students disproportionately expect outmigration. Differential migration affects the acculturation and life prospects of individuals and shapes the demographic profile of Alaskan villages, towns, and cities.
TL;DR: The author concludes that the imposition of mandatory remittance requirements on migrant workers is unlikely to enhance remittance inflows unless the government of the labour-exporting country effectively controls the migration process.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to review policy initiatives [concerning migrant remittances] in six major labour-exporting countries in Asia--Bangladesh India Korea the Philippines Pakistan Sri Lanka and Thailand. Where relevant the experience of these countries will be compared and contrasted with those of labour-exporting countries in other parts of the world....[The author concludes that] the imposition of mandatory remittance requirements on migrant workers is unlikely to enhance remittance inflows unless the government of the labour-exporting country effectively controls the migration process. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: In this paper, trends in migration from Latin America to Canada since the 1960s are described with a focus on the political conditions in the sending region and their effects on out-migration.
Abstract: Trends in migration from Latin America to Canada since the 1960s are described with a focus on the political conditions in the sending region and their effects on out-migration. The author then evaluates current trends and projects future patterns. (ANNOTATION)
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: The earnings of both legal and illegal Polish migrants abroad are analyzed and the characteristics of foreign employment are noted, which include its unstable nature and a general lack of safety regulations.
Abstract: The earnings of both legal and illegal Polish migrants abroad are analyzed. The characteristics of foreign employment are noted which include its unstable nature and a general lack of safety regulations. Consideration is also given to the brain drain element. The difficulties inherent in analyzing temporary labor migration overseas are noted. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS) (ANNOTATION)
TL;DR: Through the use of original, empirical data collected in Yemen, this article sheds light on who these returning migrants are, where they have come from, and what sort of future awaits them.
Abstract: The author discusses the return migration of Yemenis from Saudi Arabia during the period 1970-1989. "Through the use of original empirical data collected in Yemen this article sheds light on who these returning migrants are where they have come from and what sort of future awaits them....The survey conducted on return migration was administered in the winter and spring of 1989 in a region of North Yemen called al-Hujariyya." (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: A mass departure of intellectuals is going on in countries such as Poland, Russia, the Ukraine, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania as discussed by the authors, and there is growing concern about the increasing number of intellectuals who have left, or are going to leave, these countries.
TL;DR: This study suggests that contract labor is best understood within the migration process, linking global economic formations and domestic policy to internal structures in sending communities.
Abstract: International labor migration has been a major feature of the Philippine political economy the past twenty years. Originally envisioned by the government as a temporary measure to ease domestic employment pressure and stimulate industrialization, migration has persisted in the face of declining wages and abusive recruitment practices. Dynamic movement patterns have emerged that include a variety of destinations and occupations, drawing both males and females from widely diverse backgrounds. Focusing upon the experiences of a small community, this study suggests that contract labor is best understood within the migration process, linking global economic formations and domestic policy to internal structures in sending communities. The community experience reveals that economic forces and government policy are necessary conditions to establish potential migration, but actual flows are initiated and shaped by a migration system consisting of interpersonal relationships. What becomes more visible at the commun...
TL;DR: This theory of African migration shows that migration in Africa is determined by economic factors such as employment, social factorssuch as education and demographic factors suchas population growth, and that the economic factor is the single most important determinant of migration.
Abstract: A number of demographic, economic, socio-cultural and psychological factors determine the nature, pattern and direction of migration in Africa. Much of the existing literature tends to emphasise th...
TL;DR: An analysis of the impact of labor migration on social change in 6 rural villages in Egypt was conducted in 1987-88, finding that Remittances from international migration have contributed along with the economic reforms of Sadat to new, private initiatives from all strata in rural society.
Abstract: An analysis of the impact of labor migration on social change in 6 rural villages (Shanawan and Kafr Shanawan north of Cairo Kafr Yusuf and Tambul el Kubra near Simbalaween and Abu Girg and Bani Walims in Minya governate) in Egypt was conducted in 1987-88. Since the 1991 Gulf war the political environment the labor markets and the structure of migration opportunities have changed. An estimated 5% of rural households might have been directly affected by migrants departure from Kuwait and Iraq. Data collection involved a household census survey of 8620 households of which 2483 were migrants including 1765 return migrants. A sample of return migrant (639) was interviewed about their migration experiences. Participant observation was also conducted among migrants and nonmigrants and case studies were developed. Villages were demographically and socioeconomically very different; migration ranged from 18.5-434.2%. Structural change was measured on a scale of 1 to 6 in terms of population size literacy of household heads share of agricultural occupations share of new red brick houses and availability of infrastructural or institutional facilities. The probability of having a household with a migrant member increased with the rural character of the village. Landholdings or other major household variables were unrelated to migration. Rural outmigration was almost exclusively male the average age was 29.6 years and the average stay was 2.6 years. Migration destination was specific to individuals but affected by occupation and family or village resources. Professionals were overrepresented in Saudi Arabia and farm and unskilled laborers or the unemployed were overrepresented in Iraq. Remittances from international migration have contributed along with the economic reforms of Sadat to new private initiatives from all strata in rural society. 74.3% of returnees stated that improvement in income and living standards was the motivation for migration; many motives were directed to satisfying basic needs (73.5% for purchase of consumer durables around 66% for building or rebuilding a house and 61.3% for repaying a travel debt). 5.7% of returnees invested in income generating projects 19.8% in agriculture and 7.6% in manufacturing transportation or services.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, an attempt is made to interpret migration processes in terms of migratory cycle, where the cycle of migration streams is divided into three phases: perfect regulation growing independence government-controlled termination.
Abstract: The author reviews international labor migration from the state of Tamil Nadu India during the period 1830-1950. "An attempt is made to interpret migration processes in terms of migratory cycle. The cycle of migration streams is divided into three phases: perfect regulation growing independence government-controlled termination. These stages of the cycle correspond to the progressive constitution of a permanent migrant community in receiving countries. Such a pattern can help analyse other examples of international labour migration in the contemporary situation." The focus is on migration to Burma Ceylon and Malaya. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: In this paper, the scale and geographical complexity of migration between East and West in Europe, and why it has recently risen so high on the political agenda is discussed, and the role of ethnicity and the economy in stimulating migration is discussed.
Abstract: The article analyses the scale and geographical complexity of migration between East and West in Europe, and explores why it has recently risen so high on the political agenda. It reviews briefly the political context that has guided migration in eastern Europe during the twentieth century, and the thinking behind the current ‘Fortress’ concept in the European Community now shaping its migration regime. The changing patterns of migration in eastern Europe and the former USSR, including the roles of ethnicity and the economy in stimulating movement, are then discussed. Finally, the article reviews attempts to predict the scale of economic migration from the former USSR, concluding that levels of movement are likely to be less than has been suggested.
TL;DR: The indications are that, despite gradual slowing down of labour flows to the western industrial countries and the Middle East, labour migration will continue to be a major economic influence on surplus-labour countries in the region.
Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on international labour migration from and within the Asian-Pacific region. It deals with patterns and characteristics of migration flows government policies towards labour migration and economic implications of labour migration for both labour-exporting and importing countries in the region. The indications are that despite gradual slowing down of labour flows to the western industrial countries and the Middle East labour migration will continue to be a major economic influence on surplus-labour countries in the region. As an integral part of the growth dynamism in the region labour migration has now begun to take on a regional dimension with immense implications for the process of industrial restructuring in high growth economies and the changing pattern of economic interdependence among countries. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: Can expanded exports of both goods and people accelerate economic development, and thus eventually reduce the desire to migrate for employ? ment? A conference in Manila on June 24, 1993 investigated the extent to which exports and emigrants can help the Philippines to achieve its goal of being a Newly Industrialized country (NIC) by the year 2000 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Can expanded exports of both goods and people accelerate economic development, and thus eventually reduce the desire to migrate for employ? ment? A conference in Manila on June 24, 1993 investigated the extent to which exports and emigrants can help the Philippines to achieve its goal of being a Newly Industrialized Country (NIC) by the year 2000. First wave NICs?Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan? made the transition from net emigration to net immigration areas during the 1980s. If the Philippines could join the ranks of the NICs soon after 2000, and also go through a migration transition, then Asia's major labor exporter?which today sends abroad about 600,000 workers annually? could join the NICs as a labor importer. Conference participants concluded that the Philippines finally has em? braced the marketand export-oriented policies that are necessary for the country to achieve its ambitious economic goals. These goals include an annual GNP growth rate of 10 percent or more (versus 1% in 1992); an average real per capita income of $1,200 (versus $740 in 1991); and no more than 30 percent of the population in poverty (versus 50% in 1992). However, there was no agreement on whether the exit of the equivalent of the country's annual work force growth and their $3 billion annual remittances would accelerate or slow the attainment of Philippine 2000 goals. Three themes were highlighted in the discussion. First, the Philippines has a history of being unable to achieve its economic goals, so there was perhaps understandable cynicism that the government will once again be unable to create the agribusiness jobs in rural areas and the labor-intensive manufacturing jobs in urban areas that it aims for in order to make rural-urban migration and emigration unnecessary. Second, even though
01 Mar 1993
TL;DR: The author describes trends in return migration to Yemen as a result of political events in surrounding countries, with a focus on economic factors and space limitations.
Abstract: The author describes trends in return migration to Yemen as a result of political events in surrounding countries. The impact on Yemen is discussed with a focus on economic factors and space limitations. (ANNOTATION)
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the author investigates migrant selectivity from rural areas of Kerala India to the Middle East and argues that the emigrants are more likely to be from the lower and middle class rather than the poorest or the very affluent section of the society.
Abstract: The author investigates migrant selectivity from rural areas of Kerala India to the Middle East. "The paper argues that the emigrants are more likely to be from the lower and middle class rather than the poorest or the very affluent section of the society....The paper further argues that kinship connections and previous migration experiences of the families have a decisive role in migration selectivity...." (EXCERPT)
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In the early 1990s, return migration of New Zealanders has been bringing back to the country over 20000 citizens each year as discussed by the authors, however return migration is a process that has been largely ignored in the literature on international migration to New Zealand.
Abstract: Since the early 1980s return migration of New Zealanders has been bringing back to the country over 20000 citizens each year. However return migration is a process that has been largely ignored in the literature on international migration to New Zealand. With the assistance of the Immigration Service and Statistics New Zealand contact was established with a nation-wide group of New Zealanders who returned in November 1990. This paper describes how the study was conducted and reports findings on the returnees and their motives. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the ramifications of contemporary international labor migration in Asia and separate consideration is given to the situation in countries of destination including Brunei Hong Kong Japan Malaysia Singapore and Taiwan.
Abstract: This article examines the ramifications of contemporary international labor migration in Asia. Separate consideration is given to the situation in countries of destination including Brunei Hong Kong Japan Malaysia Singapore and Taiwan. Policy implications for both sending and receiving countries are considered. (ANNOTATION)