Showing papers on "Identity (social science) published in 1976"
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce social psychology and Symbolic interactionism, and define reality and accounting for behavior in the context of role-making and role-taking in routine situations.
Abstract: IN THIS SECTION: 1.) BRIEF 2.) COMPREHENSIVE BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology and Symbolic Interactionism Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Symbolic Interactionism Chapter 3 Identity, Social Settings and the Self Chapter 4 Defining Reality and Accounting for Behavior Chapter 5 Understanding and Constructing Social Order Chapter 6 Applications of the Symbolic Interactionist Perspective COMPREHENSIVE TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter 1 Introducing Social Psychology and Symbolic Interactionism What is Social Psychology? What is Symbolic Interactionism? Other Theoretical Approaches Learning Theory Psychoanalytic Theory Exchange Theory Phenomenology and Ethnomethodology Social Cognition Social Constructionism Postmodernism Major Tenets of Symbolic Interactionism Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Symbolic Interactionism Symbols The Nature of Symbols The Consequences of Symbols Objects What is an Object? Objects and Language Acts and Social Acts Phases of the Act Self and the Control of Behavior Self as Object Self as Process Roles and the Definition of Situations Situations Role Role Making and Role Taking Role Taking as a Generalized Skill The Place of Emotions Chapter 3 Identity, Social Settings and the Self Learning the Social World Stages of Socialization Everyday Experience, Self and Impression Management Performances as Cumulative Expectations Conning Consciousness and Individual Agency Identity: The Self as a Social Object How We Produce Situated Identities The Experience of Situated Identity Social and Personal Identity Social Identity Personal Identity Self-Image: Knowing the Self Self-Esteem The Self, Motive, and Motivation Identity and Motivation Self-Esteem and Motivation The Self and the Social Order Limitations on the Choice of Roles Limitations on the Choice of Others Limitations on the Choice of Stories The Self in Contemporary Society Chapter 4 Defining Reality and Accounting for Behavior Role-Making and Role-Taking in Routine Situations Reality Is Not Just There-We Define What Is Real The Cognitive Bases of Role Making and Role Taking Typification Cognitive Theories and Inferential Heuristics Causality Means and Ends Normative Standards Substantive Congruency Aligning Actions Disclaimers Accounts Emotions and Social Interaction Constraint and Social Interaction Chapter 5 Understanding and Constructing Social Order Social Order as Coordinated Activity Influence Creating Social Bonds Solving Problems and Trust The Negotiated Order Talking Explaining Disorder Social Problems Chapter 6 Applications of the Symbolic Interactionist Perspective Variations on Total Institutions
422 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the inner theatre of the mind and the mental management of routine in an open prison environment, as well as free areas, escape routes, and identity sites.
Abstract: Preface Introduction 1. Open Prison 2. The Mental Management of Routine 3. The Nightmare of Repetition 4. The Inner Theatre of the Mind 5. Free Areas, Escape Routes and Identity Sites 6. Getting It Together 7. Momentary Slips Through the Fabric 8. Over the Wall 9. A Case of Mistaken Identity 10. Notes and References
417 citations
TL;DR: Thirty male subjects, given identity status interviews 6–7 years previously, were reinterviewed for identity status, as well as intimacy status, life style, and participation in the 1969–1970 campus demonstrations, leading to a new status, Foreclosure/Diffusion.
Abstract: Thirty male subjects, given identity status interviews 6–7 years previously, were reinterviewed for identity status, as well as intimacy status, life style, and participation in the 1969–1970 campus demonstrations. High identity status appeared more vulnerable to change than did low. The Moratorium status showed a 100% change rate. The establishment of intimate relationships was related both to previous identity status (when that status remained stable) and to current identity status. In life style, Identity Achievement and Moratorium subjects were “open”; Foreclosure subjects were “closed”; and Identity Diffusion subjects tended to be “diffuse”. Subjects currently high in identity tended to feel more positively about and participated more in the 1969–1970 demonstrations than did lower identity status subjects. A new status, Foreclosure/Diffusion, is described. The theoretical anomaly of Identity Achievement and Moratorium subjects moving into the Foreclosure status has led to the suggestion of a process, as opposed to typological, approach to identity. Brief sketches of individuals as they currently appear in the identity statuses conclude the study.
234 citations
TL;DR: The authors examines some persistent paradoxes in the definition of the male role, and proposes a distinction between traditional and modern male roles, and four current perspectives on the problems of male role are distinguished: individual-level sex-role identity, cultural-level role identity, contradictory socialization role strain, and inherent role strain.
Abstract: This article examines some persistent paradoxes in the definition of the male role, and proposes a distinction between traditional and modern male roles. Four current perspectives on the problems of the male role are distinguished: individual-level sex-role identity, cultural-level sex-role identity, contradictory socialization role strain, and inherent role strain. Finally, sources and forms of change in the male role are analyzed in terms of a distinction between the male role in relationship to women and the male role in other areas of life experience.
198 citations
TL;DR: For instance, this paper argued that a person's sameness within different behaviors can be described as variations on one identity theme (Lichtenstein), and that the interpreter himself plays a behavioral variation on his identity theme.
Abstract: Understanding the receptivity of literature, how one work admits many readers, begins with an analogy: unity is to text as identity is to self. Unity here means the way all a text’s features can be related through one central theme. Identity describes a person’s sameness within different behaviors as variations on one identity theme (Lichtenstein). To find unity or identity, however, the interpreter himself plays a behavioral variation on his identity theme. In interpreting, his identity re-creates itself as he shapes the text to match his characteristic defenses, fantasies, and coherences. Thus, what a poet says about fictional, political, or scientific texts expresses the same identity theme as the poems he writes. To understand reading, criticism, and any knowing or making in symbols, then, we need to let go the Cartesian craving for objectivity and accept the themes in ourselves with which we construe the world—including literary works.
151 citations
01 Jan 1976
141 citations
98 citations
TL;DR: For students not in the achiever status as freshmen, an interest in various literary and art forms was predictive of becoming an achiever while in college, and high scores on the Cultural Sophistication scale of the College Student Questionnaire-Part 1 were found to be associated with presence in the identity achievement status.
Abstract: Ego identity development in the areas of occupational choice, religion, and political ideology was studied using Marcia's categorization system. The results indicated a significant increase in the frequency of the identity achiever status for occupational choice and corresponding decreases in the frequency of the moratorium and identity diffusion statuses. A significant decrease in the frequency of foreclosures on religion was also found. In those instances where students underwent an identity crisis, the probability of resolving it successfully was very high. High scores on the Cultural Sophistication scale of the College Student Questionnaire-Part 1 were found to be associated with presence in the identity achievement status. For students not in the achiever status as freshmen, an interest in various literary and art forms was predictive of becoming an achiever while in college.
92 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: The Horrors of the Half-known Life as discussed by the authors is an important foundational text in the construction of masculinity, female identity, and the history of midwivery, and is a classic in the field.
Abstract: Now a classic in the field, The Horrors of the Half-Known Life is an important foundational text in the construction of masculinity, female identity, and the history of midwivery.
92 citations
TL;DR: Once equipped with the identity of the specific emotional trigger, the patient could avoid the kinds of events which might be expected to induce a seizure and be better able to cope with threatening environmental cues when encountered in the future.
Abstract: This communication describes a technique of stimulated recall and video replay which has reduced the frequency of seizures in five epileptic patients. Each of the patients had long standing partial epilepsy with complex symptomatology of the psychomotor type. It was generally acknowledged that emoti
TL;DR: The data supported Erikson's theory of ego identity development and showed that high-identity adolescents obtained more positive scores on sex-role identification, personality development, psychological adjustment, and self-concept than low-identITY adolescents.
Abstract: Assumed determinants of ego identity were investigated in this study using sophomore, junior, and senior high school males and females. Subjects were administered the Marcia Ego Identity Status Scale and measures of sex-role identification, personality development, psychological functioning, self-concept, and parental socialization practices. Data analyses, using a median split on identity score, showed that high-identity adolescents obtained more positive scores on sex-role identification, personality development, psychological adjustment, and self-concept than low-identity adolescents. Socialization practices also differed for the two groups. The sex differences which emerged were congruent with the identity literature. Overall, the data supported Erikson's theory of ego identity development.
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: Michael King's Being Pakeha as discussed by the authors became a gentle Kiwi classic, a strong reply both to Maori who were asserting their own identity and also to pakeha who mumbled that they didn't have a strong culture and identity of their own.
Abstract: First published in 1985, Michael King's Being Pakeha became a gentle Kiwi classic, a strong reply both to Maori who were asserting their own identity and also to Pakeha who mumbled that they didn t have a strong culture and identity of their own. Being Pakeha Now is an updated edition that reflects on these issues and how they have changed and evolved over the last fifteen years. The theme of Being Pakeha is that white New Zealanders do indeed belong to a strong culture, which is called 'Pakeha' and which is different, strong and definable and worth celebrating. In this revised edition King rewrites the Introduction and updates many of the chapters. In addition, he offers two new chapters, one on his experiences with Moriori and the Chathams and the other on his involvement in the NZ literary community.
Book•
26 Feb 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, six detailed descriptions of day-to-day exchanges between a therapist and his patients demonstrate the events and processes that occur during the course of humanistic psychotherapy.
Abstract: Six detailed descriptions of day-to-day exchanges between a therapist and his patients demonstrate the events and processes that occur during the course of humanistic psychotherapy.
TL;DR: Information work, as practised by intermediaries such as librarians and information specialists, is a communication function within a social context, the facilitation of a social act which, in information jargon, is sometimes misleadingly described as information flow.
Abstract: Information work, as practised by intermediaries such as librarians and information specialists, among others, is a communication function within a social context, the facilitation of a social act which, in information jargon, is sometimes misleadingly described as information flow. Out of, and around, the complex of social issues associated with ‘information transfer’ or ‘flow’ there has developed a cluster of research and investigative activities, fundamental and applied, which have come to be labelled, loosely, it must be admitted, information science. Although no agreed definition of the scope of this science has emerged most contributors to the debate accept the social significance of information concepts and phenomena and, hence, that information science is a social discipline. Strangely, this level of agreement is not reflected in the many proposals intent upon shaping a separate, distinguishable, identity for information science. There appears to be a reluctance to accept the intellectual consequences of the obvious. This reluctance manifests itself in a number of forms. Three of these are important enough for the future development of information science to deserve extended analysis. They are (a) prescriptive restrictions of the areas of investigation thought proper to information science (b) the adoption of limited, theoretically refined, definitions of information as a basis for information science and (c) the insistence that the scientificity of information science may be protected only by divorcing its study from the practical concerns of information work. The state of affairs represented by these modes of thinking probably owes much to the origin of information science in science, science information and telecommunications and the strong, directional, influence which these beginnings continue to exert upon a developing area of study still searching for an individual identity.
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: The Down to Earth Sociology (D2E) as mentioned in this paper is a popular collection of essays focusing on social interaction in everyday life, focusing on understanding the individual's experience of society and analyzing social structure.
Abstract: For more than twenty years, and through ten editions, James Henslin's Down to Earth Sociology has opened new windows onto the social realities that shape our world. Now in its eleventh edition, the most popular anthology in all of sociology includes new articles on our changing world while also retaining its classic, must-read essays. Focusing on social interaction in everyday life, the forty-five selections bring students face-to-face with the twin projects of contemporary sociology: understanding the individual's experience of society and analyzing social structure. The eleventh edition's exceptional new readings include selections on social inequality and class relations in the United States, the development of racial awareness and identity, the subtleties of gender differences, the implicit rules people use to make their decisions, and the structural features of society that make drug dealing a regular part of inner-city life. Together with these essential new articles, the selections by Peter Berger, Kai Erikson, Herbert Gans, Erving Goffman, Arlie Hochschild, Jonathan Kozol, Zella Luria, C. Wright Mills, George Ritzer, Deborah Tannen, Barrie Thorne, Philip Zimbardo, and many others provide firsthand reporting that gives the student a sense of being there. Henslin also explains basic methods of social research, providing insight into how sociologists explore the social world. The selections in Down to Earth Sociology highlight the most significant themes of contemporary sociology, ranging from the sociology of gender, power, politics, sports, and religion, to the contemporary crises of racial tension, violent crime, rape, poverty, and homelessness.
TL;DR: In this article, the interplay of three values rationalism, pragmatism, and existentialism is described as a means toward understanding the identity, potentialities, struggles, and dilemmas of OD by exploring a set of values and philosophies which underlie it and have contributed to its development.
Abstract: "I am trying to understand the identity, potentialities, struggles, and dilemmas of OD by exploring a set of values and philosophies which underlie it and have contributed to its development. The interplay of three values-rationalism, pragmatism, and existentialism-is described as a means toward this understanding. All three values are essential ingredients of OD; yet each lends to OD a different and sometimes contradictory identity.
TL;DR: The main problems posed in this paper were: What is the structure of the Arab-Israeli identity, what is the relation of ethnic identity to another self-referent scale, and the ethnic identity and self-reference scale.
Abstract: The main problems posed in this study were: What is the structure of the Arab-Israeli identity? What is the relation of ethnic identity to another self-referent scale? The Ethnic Identity and Self-...
Book•
01 Aug 1976
TL;DR: Perman as discussed by the authors analyzes the way adult roles assumed in work, marriage, and parenthood continue to shape human personality, referring to Freud's definition of maturity as the ability to love and to work, what expectations a person brings to each role, and what personal changes can come about through the demands of being a worker, marriage partner and parent.
Abstract: "Persona" is the Latin word for the mask used in Greek drama with which the actor assumed his role and defined his identity. Perlman analyzes the way in which adult roles assumed in work, marriage, and parenthood continue to shape human personality. Referring to Freud's definition of maturity as the ability to love and to work, she discusses how a person makes himself known through the roles involved in loving and working, what expectations a person brings to each role, and what personal changes can come about through the demands of being a worker, marriage partner, and parent.
TL;DR: Research Design, Purpose and Objectives, Conclusion, and Recommendations for Further Research.
Abstract: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Introduction • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Review of Literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Determinants of Sex Role Orientation....... 3 Parental Identification and Sex Role Learning •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 Anxiety Level Differences •••••••••••••••••• 12 Masculinity Femininity Studies........... 14 Conclusions •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 19 Purpose and Objectives • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sample Measures Procedure Stat 1st i ca 1 Analysis .••..........••.•..•... Results • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Discussion • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Evaluation of Findings • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Limitations • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Recommendations for Further Research • • • • • • • Literature Cited • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Appendix • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 22 25 25 25 29 29 31 37 37 39 40
TL;DR: The authors see this model as being of heuristic value in that it specifies a number of dimensions to be operationalized which may, together, provide a more holistic view of the changes in the self-system undergone by the middle aged male.
Abstract: The authors selectively review disparate literature bearing on the issue of the male mid-life transition. There is considerable evidence that the entrance into middle age is associated with stress and often maladaptive patterns of reaction. There is little available information, however, on the specific nature of the stressors, their differential impact, or the factors associated with the individual's attempted style of adaptation to them. Through the process of exploring relevant findings from sociology, social and clinical psychology, and popular fiction we attempt to specify a working model of the experience of entering middle age. The authors see this model as being of heuristic value in that it specifies a number of dimensions to be operationalized which may, together, provide a more holistic view of the changes in the self-system undergone by the middle aged male.
Book•
01 Nov 1976
TL;DR: In this article, Roazen argues that while Erikson has succeeded in revitalizing the Freudian tradition, "we would repay him poorly as a teacher if we allowed him to be loosely understood or inadequately challenged".
Abstract: In his continuing quest for what is enduring in psychoanalysis, Paul Roazen turns to Erik H. Erikson, one of the most creative and influential thinkers to have emerged from the movement. Dr. Roazen contends that while Erikson has succeeded in revitalizing the Freudian tradition, "we would repay him poorly as a teacher if we allowed him to be loosely understood or inadequately challenged". This examination of his contributions to the literature - among them the concepts of identity and the life cycle and the discipline of psychohistory - revisits Freud in light of Erikson and Erikson in terms of Freud; Roazen's dependable scholarship makes for fluent juxtapositions, and the reciprocity enhances our understanding of both visions. Paul Roazen is the author of "Freud and His Followers" and "How Freud Worked".
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the ideological construction of identity for an upper non-Brahman, landowning south Indian caste, Kontaikatti Velalar (hereafter KV).
Abstract: This paperl will examine the ideological construction of identity for an upper non-Brahman, landowning south Indian caste, Kontaikatti Velalar (hereafter KV). The focus of discussion, the person-in-caste, is in many ways opposite to the Western understanding of the person as autonomous actor, antecedent to society (the elementary unit from which society is built), and so we must proceed with caution, following the thoughts of caste members themselves, not immediately jumping to facile generalizations. The problem of the person-in-caste is set by the profound writings of Louis Dumont2 on caste hierarchy. Dumont argues, and his views are far from readily accepted by Indianists, that the individual is ’encompassed’ in caste society, a society integrated through a holistic ideology of pure and impure. The whole (ordered vertically in terms of relative purity) is antecedent to any of its parts, each part being fundamentally interdependent on each other part so that the whole, not the individual, is the ultimate locus of value. But asserting this does not suggest how biological persons participate in daily life in caste society. Dumont leaves this question open, presenting instead a global view of caste ideology, relying heavily on Hindu texts and other formal statements. This paper complements Dumont’s work by developing the implications of the ideology of holism for persons in a single caste. My sources of information are not primarily texts but the thoughts of ordinary people, what passes for KV commonsense. KVs say that a person must work hard to be a KV. They mean that KVs
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TL;DR: Here, you can get easily this crisis of identity to read, not only the PDF, but also the genre of the book, which will influence how you read the book finished or not.
Abstract: But here, you can get it easily this crisis of identity to read. As known, when you read a book, one to remember is not only the PDF, but also the genre of the book. You will see from the PDF that your book chosen is absolutely right. The proper book option will influence how you read the book finished or not. However, we are sure that everybody right here to seek for this book is a very fan of this kind of book.
TL;DR: Core gender identity is a term used to designate the development of gender identity, a process that has begun as early as 18 months, in contradiction to classic Freudian theory.
Abstract: Gender identity has been likened to a symphonic orchestration (Gershman 1970). It is composed of many motifs intertwined into one integrated theme. In other words, gender identity is a composite of several subcategories. These subcategories vary from author to author but not without considerable overlap. John Money (1973), who claims to be the first person to define gender identity in print, discusses gender role, gender identity, and core gender identity. Gender role is the public expression of one's individuality as male or female. Gender identity is the private experience of one's individuality as male or female. Core gender identity is a term used to designate the development of gender identity, a process that has begun as early as 18 months, in contradiction to classic Freudian theory. Biller (1968) defined his three levels as sex-role preference, sex-role adoption, and sex-role identity/ orientation. Sex-role preference is the desire to adhere to cultural prescriptions and proscriptions of the masculine or feminine role. This implies a choice or discrimination, and the individual is aware of which of two roles he wishes to pursue. Sex-role adoption is publicly observable behavior, that is, how masculine or feminine members of society view an individual. As such, it is a function of general behavior, only some of which involves intentional awareness. Sex-role adoption, therefore, is similar to Money's gender role. Sex-role identity/ orientation is the way in which an individual basically views himself. It is an underlying and not necessarily
TL;DR: In this article, the core meaning of "person ality theory" is discussed, and it is argued that the personality theorists of the future must broaden their roles, and work more generally as "identity advocates" in all realms of psychology.
Abstract: This is an effort to frame the core meaning of "person ality theory," and to show how all personality theorists have made certain assumptions in common about the nature of behavior. Exam ples are given from the leading personality theories of history. It is argued that the personality theorists of the future must broaden their roles, and work more generally as "identity advocates" in all realms of psychology.
TL;DR: In this article, identity and consciousness: The Philippine experience is discussed. But the authors do not discuss the role of race in the identification of the identity of the person in the experience.
Abstract: (1976). Identity and consciousness: The Philippine experience. Journal of Contemporary Asia: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 5-28.