Showing papers on "International relations published in 1994"

The territorial trap: The geographical assumptions of international relations theory

Abstract: Even when political rule is territorial, territoriality does not necessarily entail the practices of total mutual exclusion which dominant understandings of the modern territorial state attribute to it. However, when the territoriality of the state is debated by international relations theorists the discussion is overwhelmingly in terms of the persistence or obsolescence of the territorial state as an unchanging entity rather than in terms of its significance and meaning in different historical‐geographical circumstances. Contemporary events call this approach into question. The end of the Cold War, the increased velocity and volatility of the world economy, and the emergence of political movements outside the framework of territorial states, suggest the need to consider the territoriality of states in historical context. Conventional thinking relies on three geographical assumptions ‐ states as fixed units of sovereign space, the domestic/foreign polarity, and states as ‘containers’ of societies...

Collective Identity Formation and the International State

Abstract: The neorealist-neoliberal debate about the possibilities for collective action in international relations has been based on a shared commitment to Mancur Olson's rationalist definition of the problem as one of getting exogenously given egoists to cooperate. Treating this assumption as a de facto hypothesis about world politics, I articulate the rival claim that interaction at the systemic level changes state identities and interests. The causes of state egoism do not justify always treating it as given. Insights from critical international relations and integration theories suggest how collective identity among states could emerge endogenously at the systemic level. Such a process would generate cooperation that neither neorealists nor neoliberals expect and help transform systemic anarchy into an “international state”—a transnational structure of political authority that might undermine territorial democracy. I show how broadening systemic theory beyond rationalist concerns can help it to explain structural change in world politics.

Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World

Abstract: By illuminating the conflict-resolving mechanisms inherent in the relationships between democracies, Bruce Russett explains one of the most promising developments of the modern international system: the striking fact that the democracies that it comprises have almost never fought each otherBy illuminating the conflict-resolving mechanisms inherent in the relationships between democracies, Bruce Russett explains one of the most promising developments of the modern international system: the striking fact that the democracies that it comprises have almost never fought each other

Ideas and Foreign Policy Beliefs, Institutions, and Political Change

Abstract: Do people's beliefs help to explain foreign policy decisions, or is political activity better understood as the self-interested behavior of key actors? The collaborative effort of a group of distinguished scholars, this volume breaks new ground in demonstrating how ideas can shape policy, even when actors are motivated by rational self-interest. After an introduction outlining a new framework for approaching the role of ideas in foreign policy making, well-crafted case studies test the approach. The function of ideas as "road maps" that reduce uncertainty is examined in chapters on human rights, decolonialization, the creation of socialist economies in China and Eastern Europe, and the postwar Anglo-American economic settlement. Discussions of parliamentary ideas in seventeenth-century England and of the Single European Act illustrate the role of ideas in resolving problems of coordination. The process by which ideas are institutionalized is further explored in chapters on the Peace of Westphalia and on German and Japanese efforts to cope with contemporary terrorism.

Double-edged diplomacy : international bargaining and domestic politics

Abstract: This original look at the dynamics of international relations untangles the vigorous interaction of domestic and international politics on subjects as diverse as nuclear disarmament, human rights, and trade. An eminent group of political scientists demonstrates how international bargaining that reflects domestic political agendas can be undone when it ignores the influence of domestic constituencies. The eleven studies in Double-Edged Diplomacy provide a major step in furthering a more complete understanding of how politics between nations affects politics within nations and vice versa. The result is a striking new paradigm for comprehending world events at a time when the global and the domestic are becoming ever more linked.

The study of the European community: The challenge to comparative politics

Abstract: The theoretical study of the European Community is traditionally conducted by using international relations approaches. However, as the Community has developed ‘an internal political arena’, several approaches have emerged from comparative politics. Contrasting the international relations and comparative politics approaches derived from the same ontological and methodological assumptions suggest that whereas the former (such as neo‐functionalism and intergovernmentalism) may be valid for the analysis of European ‘integration’, comparative politics approaches (such as cooperative federalism, consociationalism, and the Lipset‐Rockan thesis) are more appropriate for the analysis of European Community ‘polities’.

Ethnic Nationalism and International Conflict: The Case of Serbia

Abstract: Does ethnicity affect the international system? What are the causes of violent conflict along ethnic lines? Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the outbreak of war in the Balkans, these questions have seized the attention of international relations scholars and policy makers.! In the former Yugoslavia, war conducted in the name of ethnic solidarity has destroyed the Yugoslav state, leveled entire cities, and resulted in hundreds of thousands of casualties and millions of refugees.2 It has also brought NATO's first out-of-area actions, the largest United Nations peacekeeping operation in history, and the very real possibility of war spreading to other parts of the Balkans. Is the Yugoslav case a look into the future of international relations? Are ethnically-mixed regions in the post-Cold War era inevitably the sites of violent conflict that will spill over into the international arena? If so, the only apparent solution would be the creation of ethnically pure states; yet the greatest threats to peace in this century have tended to come from those regions in which partitions along ethnic or religious lines have taken place.3 This paradox is a

Ozone Discourses: Science and Politics in Global Environmental Cooperation

Abstract: How can scientific knowledge be translated into political change? Ozone Discourse examines the first global environment treaty, the Montreal Protocol and its subsequent revisions, which was a highly effective collaboration among scientists, policymakers and activists. The treaties were the work of a small group of experts who, without conventional political or economic resources, were able to persuade most of the world's nations to agree to reduce and then eliminate chlorofluorocarbons. These experts used their understanding of atmospheric science to supplement the policymakers' short-term perspective with a wider, intergenerational timeframe characteristic of global environmental problems. Litfin argues that the discipline of international relations requires a broader conception of power in order to accomodate the knowledge-based problems such as environmental degradation.

The state and the nation: changing norms and the rules of sovereignty in international relations

Abstract: The international relations literature regularly embraces sovereignty as the primary constitutive rule of international organization. Theoretical traditions that agree on little else all seem to concur that the defining feature of the modern international system is the division of the world into sovereign states. Despite differences over the role of the state in international affairs, most scholars would accept John Ruggie's definition of sovereignty as “the institutionalization of public authority within mutually exclusive jurisdictional domains.” Regardless of the theoretical approach however, the concept tends to be viewed as a static, fixed concept: a set of ideas that underlies international relations but is not changed along with them. Moreover, the essence of sovereignty is rarely defined; while legitimate authority and territoriality are the key concepts in understanding sovereignty, international relations scholars rarely examine how definitions of populations and territories change through-out history and how this change alters the notion of legitimate authority.

Anarchy in international relations theory: the neorealist-neoliberal debate

Abstract: Two of the most influential contemporary approaches to international relations theory are neorealism and neoliberalism. The debate between these two approaches has dominated much of international relations theory for the last decade. It is now commonplace for an article about some aspect of international relations theory to begin by locating itself in terms of this debate. These two approaches and the debate between them have failed to contribute as much as they might have to international relations theory. These approaches suffer from serious internal weaknesses and limitations that the neorealistneoliberal debate often has tended to obscure rather than to clarify. Once we have exposed and clarified these weaknesses and limitations, we will be able to see several important directions for future theoretical work. Two books, Neorealism and Its Critics and Neorealism and Neoliberalism: The Contemporary Debate, make significant contributions to this debate. The former offered a wide-ranging critique of neorealism when it was published in 1986. The latter, which has just been published, is more narrowly focused. It takes up where some of the critiques in Neorealism and Its Critics left off. A review of these two complementary volumes affords an excellent opportunity to begin to identify some of the weaknesses and limitations that the neorealist-neoliberal debate frequently has obscured.

Realism and the End of the Cold War

Abstract: iNlodern realism began as a reaction to the breakdown of the post-World War I international order in the 1930s The collapse of great-power cooperation after World War II helped establish it as the dominant approach to the theory and practice of international politics in the United States During the Cold War, efforts to displace realism from its dominant position were repeatedly thwarted by the continued salience of the US-Soviet antagonism: although indirect, the connection between events and theory was undeniable Now, the US-Soviet antagonism is history Suddenly, unexpectedly, and with hardly a shot fired in anger, Russian power has been withdrawn from the Elbe to the Eurasian steppe A central question faces students and practitioners of international politics Do the rapid decline and comparatively peaceful collapse of the Soviet state, and with it the entire postwar international order, discredit the realist approach? Scholars have answered this question in two ways Most argue that the events of the late 1980s and early 1990s utterly confound realism's expectations, and call into question its relevance for understanding the post-Cold War world' Others-realist and non-realist alike-disagree, maintaining that the

Environmental Diplomacy: Negotiating More Effective Global Agreements

Abstract: Solutions to environmental problems require international cooperation, but global environmental treaty-making efforts, including the 1992 U.N.-sponsored Earth Summit in Brazil, have not accomplished much. International cooperation has been hampered by the conflicts between the developed nations of the North and the developing nations of the South; by the fact that science cannot accurately predict when or how environmental threats will materialize; and by the problem that the United Nations treaty-making system was never meant to handle threats to the environment. Lawrence Susskind looks at the weaknesses of the existing system of environmental treaty-making and the increasing role of non-governmental interests in environmental diplomacy. Environmental Diplomacy argues for "nearly self-enforcing" agreements that ensure compliance without threatening sovereignty and maintains that new institutional arrangements are within reach. Susskind builds on the work of the Program on Negotiation at the Harvard Law School and the International Environmental Negotiation Network to offer guidelines for more effective global agreements that provide for sustainable development.

Understanding change in international politics: the Soviet empire's demise and the international system

Abstract: The succession of mostly nonviolent revolutions that replaced Eastern European communist governments in 1989 and the lack of any action by the Soviet Union to stop these changes transformed the international political system. Since these changes were not driven by changes in relative capabilities, they did not follow the postulates of neorealist theory. Rather, the revolutions of 1989 changed the rules governing superpower conflict and, thereby, the norms underpinning the international system. This constructivist perspective systematically links domestic and international structures with political practice and shows that international systems consist of ensembles of social institutions. These institutions change in response not only to shifting distributions of capabilities but also to redefinition of actors' identities as well as changes in state-society relations. Transformations of the international system occur when political practices change and therefore fail to reproduce the familiar international “structures.”

The long peace, the end of the cold war, and the failure of realism

Abstract: Three of the more important international developments of the last half century are the “long peace” between the superpowers, the Soviet Union's renunciation of its empire and leading role as a superpower, and the post-cold war transformation of the international system. Realist theories at the international level address the first and third of these developments, and realist theories at the unit level have made an ex post facto attempt to account for the second. The conceptual and empirical weaknesses of these explanations raise serious problems for existing realist theories. Realists contend that the anarchy of the international system shapes interstate behavior. Postwar international relations indicates that international structure is not determining. Fear of anarchy and its consequences encouraged key international actors to modify their behavior with the avowed goal of changing that structure. The pluralist security community that has developed among the democratic industrial powers is in part the result of this process. This community and the end of the cold war provide evidence that states can escape from the security dilemma.

International relations theory : new normative approaches

Abstract: Part 1 Cosmopolitan and communitarian international relations theory: cosmopolitan theory communitarian theory the intellectual context of contemporary international political philosophy. Part 2 Contemporary theory - force and justice: the moral basis of state autonomy the ethics of force international justice. Part 3 New challenges: critical and post-modern international theory.

Rethinking International Relations

Abstract: Preface - Introduction: the Pertinence of International Relations - Theories in Contention: A Discipline and its Discontents - A Wary Engagement: Historical Materialism and International Relations - State and Society in International Relations - International Society as Homogeneity - Revolutions and the International System - Hidden from International Relations: Women and the International - Inter-systemic Conflict: the Case of Cold War - A Singular Collapse: the Soviet Union and Inter-state Competition - International Relations and the 'End of History': Is there a New Agenda? - Conclusion: The Challenge of the Normative -

Ethnic conflict and international security

Abstract: During the Cold War, most international relations theorists and strategic studies analysts paid little attention to ethnic and other forms of communal conflict. Disregard for the importance of ethnic and nationality issues in world affairs, always misguided so far as the developing world was concerned, has been overtaken, in stunning fashion, by recent events from Abkhazia to Zaire. The essays in this volume advance our understanding of the causes of ethnic and communal conflict, the regional and international implications of such conflicts, and what the international community can do to minimize the potential for instability and violence. Drawn from recent issues of Survival, they are organized along thematic rather than regional lines, and will be required reading for scholars, students, and policymakers alike. The contributors to the volume include Michael Brown on the causes and implications of ethnic conflict, Anthony Smith on the ethnic sources of nationalism, David Welsh on domestic politics and ethnic conflict, Renee de Nevers on democratization and ethnic conflict, and Pierre Hassner on nationalism and internationalism. Jack Snyder writes on nationalism and the crisis of the post-Soviet state, Barry Posen on the security dilemma and ethnic conflict, Kathleen Newland on ethnic conflict and refugees, Jenonne Walker on international mediation of ethnic conflicts, and Robert Cooper and Mats Berdal on outside intervention in ethnic conflicts, Adam Roberts discusses the U.N. and international security, and John Chipman explores managing the politics of parochialism.

The International Politics of the Environment.

Abstract: This can make it difficult to find a document without first familiarizing oneself with the entire table of contents. On a more substantive level, Hohmann's choice of documents is at times open to question. On the one hand, he included drafts of several Earth Summit documents (including the Climate Change and Biological Diversity Conventions), even though it should have been apparent that, by the time the book was published, those drafts would be superseded by the final documents. On the other hand, he omitted many important documents. The soft-law documents, for example, are drawn from only a few organizations, thereby excluding documents from such significant sources as the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Commonwealth. Similarly, Hohmann included few decisions of treaty institutions, despite their importance in the evolution of international environmental norms. Finally, the decision to publish the collection as hardbound volumes, rather than in loose-leaf format to allow updates, must quickly render it out-of-date, given the rapidity with which international environmental law is developing.

Sport and international politics

Abstract: Politics and Sport. International Relations Theory and Sport. International Sport Organizations and International Politics. Sport and International Governmental Organizations. The Olympic Movement. The Commonwealth and Sport. Business and Sport. Sport, Culture and Globalization. Sport and International Politics.

National Self-Determination Today: Problems of Legal Theory and Practice

Abstract: INTERNATIONAL lawyers need not be reminded of the revolutionary and unclear character of self-determination. During the 1960s and 1970s we were able to contain its potentially explosive nature by applying it principally to the relationships between old European empires and their overseas colonies.' The legitimacy of colonial rule had by that time lapsed at home and abroad. Progressive application of Articles 1(2) and 55 of the UN Charter soon made it an anachronism in international relations. The

Institutional selection in international relations: state anarchy as order

Abstract: By the end of the medieval era, three new competing institutions attempted to capture gains from trade and reduce feudal particularism: sovereign territorial states, cityleagues, and city-states. By the middle of the seventeenth century, city-leagues and city-states had declined markedly. Territorial states survived as the dominant form because they were able to reduce free riding, lower transaction costs, and credibly commit their constituents. The selection process took place along three dimensions. First, sovereign territorial states proved competitively superior in the economic realm. Second, states increasingly recognized only other sovereign territorial states as legitimate actors in the international system. Third, other actors defected to or copied the institutional makeup of sovereign territorial organization. The emergence of discrete territorial units in which only sovereign authorities represented their citizens as the predominant type of organization in international affairs created a new solution to the problem of markets and hierarchies.

Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Politics, Economies, and Militance

Abstract: Focusing on fundamentalist movements on five continents and within six religions, this volume considers the effect that antisecular religious movements have had since 1970 on national economies, political parties, constitutional issues and international relations. Drawn from anthropology, sociology, history of religion and history of science, the contributors to this volume examine an exhaustive set of issues including the anti-abortion movement in the United Sates, Operation Rescue, women in Iran and Pakistan, the Islamic war of resistance in Afghanistan, the creationist cosmos of Protestant fundamentalism and Shi'ite jurisprudence in Iran.

War and Law since 1945

Abstract: Civilization has long sought to limit the violence and ugliness of war. This book traces the recent history of these efforts and explores important contemporary issues in the area. Geoffrey Best shows how the Second World War prompted reconstruction of international law, and charts the fortunes of its relations with war since then. He critically surveys the whole range of contemporary armed conflicts - high-tech international wars, wars of national liberation, revolutionary risings and civil wars. Far more than a litany of the trouble-spots and tragedies of the second half of the twentieth century, this book offers an original and thought-provoking approach to contemporary history, law, politics and ethics, and will be essential reading for anyone concerned with war. Reviews of the hardback edition: 'a magnificent exposition of the modern pursuit of legal restraint on warfare ...The lawyers of war and the international humanitarians would be well advised to ponder Bests Laws of War for its scholarly realism and its humanity.' London Review of Books 'He writes with enormous authority and at times, for such a heavy subject, a delightfully light touch ...In obliging us to take the very notion of the ethical conduct of war so seriously, Geoffrey Best has performed an enormous service. ' Lawrence Freedman, History Today 'This is an important book, which the specialists in this subject will refer to for decades to come.' Noel Malcolm, Sunday Telegraph 'To write a book of this character, which is scrupulous in never overstating success, and not lose faith in the process, you have to remain an optimist. Geoffrey Best has succeeded in doing this in his impressive study.' A.W. Brian Simpson, Times Literary Supplement '...ambitious, highly significant and courageous ...Interdisciplinary in approach, it is an important text for teachers, students and the practitioners of international relations alike ...Its conclusions, so relevant to the latter part of this century, should not be ignored.' Dermot Keogh, Irish Times '...affords new insights into war and its limits as defined by the law ...an interesting read ...Geoffrey Bests new book gives much food for thought to anyone interested in humanitarian law. It is well worth reading.' Hans-Peter Gasser, International Review of the Red Cross 'Geoffrey Best does a signal service to lawyers, and to all students of the law of war, in his most recent examination of this field ...Dr Best has made an important contribution.' James J. Busuttil, International Relations 'a sympathetic, intellectually tough and absolutely outstanding account of the contemporary role of the laws of war ...His writing is full of vivid imagery, enlivening what in other hands is often an arid landscape.' Adam Roberts, Survival

Asymmetric Conflicts: War Initiation by Weaker Powers

Abstract: This book examines a question generally neglected in the study of international relations: why does a militarily and economically less powerful state initiate conflict against a relatively strong state? T. V. Paul analyses this phenomenon by focusing on the strategic and political considerations, domestic and international, which influence a weaker state to initiate war against a more powerful adversary. The key argument of deterrence theory is that the military superiority of the status quo power, coupled with a credible retaliatory threat, will prevent attack by challengers. The author challenges this assumption by examining six twentieth-century asymmetric wars, from the Japanese offensive against Russia in 1904 to the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands in 1982. The book's findings have wide implications for the study of war, power, deterrence, coercive diplomacy, strategy, arms races, and alliances.

From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food

Abstract: The Chinese gooseberry was a minor fruit until New Zealanders, tagging it with a catchier name, began an aggressive global marketing campaign. Soon, transplanted to Italy, France, Spain, Chile, and California, the fuzzy little fruit with the bright green interior was known the world round and the kiwi production war was on. Globalization of food is not a new phenomenon. Columbus and his contemporaries helped open worldwide trade routes for the distribution of all types of goods. Yet over the last two decades, globalization has completely revolutionized the commercial production and marketing of kiwifruit and countless other consumer goods. Combining current theory on globalization with revealing case studies, the authors of this insightful collection tackle fundamental questions about the changing agricultural and food system in the era of ConAgra and other large transnational corporations. They look at the structure and operations of these new corporate giants, the state's influence in the global system, innovations in scientific research and technology, the roles of producers and consumers, and regional development. In the process, they take a look at why the winners and losers countries, regions and even ethnic groups that ebb and flow within a vacillating global system are constantly changing. Without question, globalization has become a hotly contested topic, as evidenced by the recent NAFTA debates and by a growing body of critical literature produced by economists, sociologists, historians, and geographers. The authors of From Columbus to ConAgra, writing at the cutting edge of these debates, suggest an emerging consensus to guide future research. Globalization, they conclude, will likely continue its expansion within the context of a new multinational division of labor that may drastically alter the main axes of international power. In an increasingly interdependent world, such shifts will affect life in every society and, for that reason, must be better understood. This book offers an important first step toward that goal."

Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge

Abstract: The Neoliberal Challenge to Realist Theories of World Politics: An Introduction C.W.Kegley Jr - PART 1: THE FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND THE RESURRECTION OF THE REALIST-LIBERAL DEBATE - Theories of International Relations and Foreign Policy: Realism and Its Challengers O.R.Holsti - Realist Thought and Neorealist Theory K.N.Waltz - Liberalism and World Politics Revisited M.W.Doyle - Liberal International Theory: Common Threads, Divergent Strands M.W.Zacher & R.A.Matthew - Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism J.M.Grieco - PART 2: RE- EVALUATING INSTITUTIONS IN THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD - Peace in the Liberal World: Does Democracy Matter? N.G.Onuf & T.J.Johnson -The United Nations in a New World Order: Reviving the Theory and Practice of International Organization J.M.Rochester - Evolving Patterns of Regional Integration and Governance: Implications for Theories of World Politics B.B.Hughes - PART 3: THE PROBLEMATICll FUTURE PEACE: ARMS AND COMMERCE AS CONTRIBUTING FACTORS? - Swords Into Plowshares: Can Fewer Arms Yield More Security? R.C.Johansen - International Trade as a Force for Peace N.R.Richardson - PART 4: NORMATIVE CONSTRAINTS ON INTERNATIONAL CONDUCT? LAW AND MORALITY IN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS - International Law and Order H.Starr - Rethinking the Moral Dimensions of Foreign Policy J.H.Rosenthal - PART 5: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THEORY AND THE GLOBAL FUTURE - Promise or Peril? Neorealism, Neoliberalism and the Future of International Politics J.L.Ray - About the Contributors - Index

Pacific unions: a reappraisal of the theory that ‘democracies do not go to war with each other’

Abstract: Considerable support has emerged over recent years among scholars of international relations for the theory that ‘democracies do not go to war with each other.’ Bruce Russett and Harvey Starr note that over the last two centuries ‘Democracies were very unlikely to fight each other.’ This finding is supported, R. J. Rummel argues, by both ‘Historical studies and empirical social science research’. Some authors hail it as a law—perhaps the only one we have—of international relations. References in the literature suggest that the theory has acquired the status of a received truth. It is ‘the one argument that all the analysts agree on’, concludes Robert Rothstein. ‘Scholars of contemporary international relations are nearing consensus, suggest the Embers and Russett. In the latest, most comprehensive study of the phenomenon, Russett even finds evidence for it in non-industrial societies. Believing the facts of the matter to have been established, theorists have moved on to seek the causal mechanism generating the phenomenon.

Mediation in International Relations: Multiple Approaches to Conflict Management

Abstract: List of Tables and Figures - Foreword President of the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues - Preface - Notes on Contributors - The Structure and Diversity of Mediation in International Relations J.Bercovitch - Overcoming the Obstacles to Effective Mediation of International Disputes L.Susskind & E.Babbitt - Informal Mediation by Private Individuals A.P.Hare - Informal Mediation by the Scholar/Practitioner H.C.Kelman - Formal Individual Mediation and the Negotiators' Dilemma: Tommy Koh at the Law of the Sea Conference L.N.Antrim & J.K.Sebenius - Mediation by Regional Organizations: The Organization of African Unity (OAU) in Chad S.G.Amoo & I.W.Zartman - Mediation by a Transnational Organization: The Case of the Vatican T.Princen - The United Nations and International Conflict: The Military Talks at Kilometre Marker-101 J.O.C.Jonah - Small State Mediation in International Relations: the Algerian Mediation of the Iranian Hostage Crisis R.M.Slim - The Superpowers as Mediators S.Touval - Conclusion: International Mediation in Context J.Z.Rubin - Index