Showing papers on "Judgement published in 1981"
295 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigates two alternative strategies for implementing Decision Support Systems DSS: evolutionary and traditional and results indicate significantly higher utilization of the DSS with the evolutionary approach.
Abstract: This paper investigates two alternative strategies for implementing Decision Support Systems DSS: evolutionary and traditional. The evolutionary approach utilizes judgement modeling boot strapping as a means to create felt need, to provide insight into the decision process and the implied weighting of decision variables, and to establish a learning-based, participatory implementation strategy. In contrast, the traditional approach is characterized by a problem solving orientation wherein the DSS is portrayed as providing a valuable "product" that can be theoretically justified.
Decision making in a simulated production environment is used to test the alternative strategies. Decision style is also included in the experimental design. Results indicate significantly higher utilization of the DSS with the evolutionary approach. Decision style findings are consistent with reported research.
217 citations
191 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1981TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a balanced account not only of the theoretical framework and legal complexities of the law of treason in later medieval France, but also of the extent and political context of that law's enforcement.
Abstract: This book presents a balanced account not only of the theoretical framework and legal complexities of the law of treason in later medieval France, but also of the extent and political context of that law's enforcement. By shedding some light on a larger issue - the interplay of law and politics, authority and power - the book contributes to our understanding of the French monarchy's efforts in the crucial fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to protect, extend and enforce its authority. The crown needed virtually all its judicial resources to cope with treason. Summary judgement and judgement by notoriety had largely given way by the fifteenth century to institutionalized procedures; special mention is made of trial by commission and the trial of peers. In the last five chapters the prosecution of treason is treated narratively to illuminate the policies of individual kings. Throughout the book comparisons are made with the English law.
70 citations
Journal Article•
31 citations
TL;DR: Barnes and MacKenzie as discussed by the authors discuss the role of interest in scientific change and discuss the BiometryMendelism Controversy in the context of rejecting knowledge in science.
Abstract: 8. D. MacKenzie and B. Barnes, 'Scientific Judgement: The BiometryMendelism Controversy', in Barnes and S. Shapin (eds), Natural Order: Historical Studies of Scientific Culture (London and Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1979), 191-210; Barnes and MacKenzie, 'On the Role of Interests in Scientific Change', in R. Wallis (ed.), On the Margins of Science: The Social Construction of Rejected Knowledge (Keele, Staffs.: University of Keele, Sociological Review Monograph No. 27, 1979), 49-66.
30 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: When there are many people who don't need to expect something more than the benefits to take, this book will suggest you to have willing to reach all benefits.
Abstract: When there are many people who don't need to expect something more than the benefits to take, we will suggest you to have willing to reach all benefits. Be sure and surely do to take this concepts in judgement and decision research definitions sources interrelations comments that gives the best reasons to read. When you really need to get the reason why, this concepts in judgement and decision research definitions sources interrelations comments book will probably make you feel curious.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors address the problem of conceptual problems with the notion of institutional performance, inadequacies in the current measurement techniques and judgement procedures, and the mis-match between the results produced and management's information requirements.
Abstract: Although many institutions are expending considerable effort in attempts to assess institutional performance and to utilize the results in improving performance, there are many impediments to the success of these endeavours. These include conceptual problems with the notion of institutional performance, inadequacies in the current measurement techniques and judgement procedures, and the mis-match between the results produced and management's information requirements. Institutional management in higher education has unique characteristics which give rise to particular information needs. The existing approaches to institutional evaluation vary in their ability to provide information meeting management's requirements.
26 citations
TL;DR: It is now almost half a century since Karl Reinhardt first published what must still rank as the most brilliant and perceptive attempt to explain the significance of the above passage for the Iliad as a whole as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Il. xxiv 22–30It is now almost half a century since Karl Reinhardt first published what must still rank as the most brilliant and perceptive attempt to explain the significance of the above passage for the Iliad as a whole.
21 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The function of health education should be to impart knowledge for the purpose of developing the powers of reason and judgement in order to help people make their own choices about patterns of living which enhance the well functioning of the body and mind.
Abstract: The field of health education needs to establish a conceptual basis that provides a legitimate focus and direction for health education. Health education should recognize that notions of health are human constructs which are restricted by man's interpretation of the functional integrity of the body and mind and relative to the activities and interests of individual societies. Health education should define health as that state of body and mind functioning which affords man the ability to strive towards his functional objectives and his culturally desired goals. The function of health education should be to impart knowledge for the purpose of developing the powers of reason and judgement in order to help people make their own choices about patterns of living which enhance the well functioning of the body and mind.
21 citations
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TL;DR: In the course of an inquiry into the origins of Luke's understanding of the poor I was forced to ask the question how far Luke might have been influenced not only by certain texts in Isaiah but also by wider themes as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the course of an inquiry into the origins of Luke's understanding of the poor I was forced to ask the question how far Luke might have been influenced not only by certain texts in Isaiah but also by wider themes. In answer to this question one is often referred to C. H. Dodd's According to the Scriptures, where he concluded that when NT authors quoted small OT texts they often did so with knowledge of larger passages or collections of passages from which the text was drawn. This principle has become a commonplace and is frequently used illegitimately to find ideas in the NT which are not otherwise discernible.1 The recent study of B. Lindars (‘The Place of the Old Testament in the Formation of New Testament Theology: Prolegomena’, N. T. S. xxiii (1977), 59–66) argues that NT writers had no interest in the meaning of the OT for its own sake, but simply quarried texts to support and illustrate a pre-existing NT theology. Both these views need to be kept in mind. It may be that each is correct in different places. What is needed is a closer study of the practice of individual authors and their use of different parts of the OT. Only then will it be possible to give any confident judgement of how much an NT author may have carried in the way of related ideas, theology and contextual understanding when he quotes or alludes to the OT.2
TL;DR: In this article, a review of some observation-based studies of the design activity is presented, and two kinds of analysis of them are presented: the first is to show some patterns of designer behaviour which appear to be common to most of the studies, and the second is how observed behaviour is related to theoretical work on design.
TL;DR: The common ploughman, though generally regarded as the pattern of stupidity and ignorance, is seldom defective in his judgement and discretion as discussed by the authors, however, his understanding is generally superior to that of the other, whose whole attention from morning till night is commonly occupied in performing one or two very simple operations.
Abstract: The common ploughman, though generally regarded as the pattern of stupidity and ignorance, is seldom defective in his judgement and discretion. He is less accustomed, indeed, to social intercourse than the mechanic who lives in a town. His voice and language are more uncouth and more difficult to be understood by those who are not used to them. His understanding, however, is generally superior to that of the other, whose whole attention from morning till night is commonly occupied in performing one or two very simple operations. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (1776)'
TL;DR: The opinion is represented, that the damage "before" is not only the disease, which existed before noise-exposition, but, the important date for judgement is the occurrence of the event insured.
Abstract: The industrial noise-deafness is often combined with other hearing-impairments. For the "MdE" (reduction of work capacity)--assessment, the expert has not only to think about the pure medical differential diagnosis, but also about juridical relationships and the damage "before" and "afterwards". In this study definitions of the damage "before" and "afterwards" and principles for consideration of MdE-measurements are given. The opinion is represented, that the damage "before" is not only the disease, which existed before noise-exposition. But, the important date for judgement is the occurrence of the event insured. Questions about the over-all judgement for limitable and unlimitable forms of hearing-impairment are explained by examples from the experts experience.
TL;DR: In this article, a tentative outline of the design process, using the framework of decision-making and value theory, is set out, and an experimental programme based upon that outline is reported.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Sellin-Wolfgang psychophysical scaling method was used to evaluate the seriousness of delinquent events and to measure consensus regarding social norms and cultural values, and it was hypothesized that the evaluative mode of orientation would be used in the judgement process.
Abstract: The judgement of the seriousness of delinquent events was interpreted as a “measurement of consensus regarding social norms and cultural values. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the evaluative mode of orientation would be used in the judgement process and that personality variables (which use the cognitive mode of orientation) would not influence consensus obtained using the Sellin-Wolfgang psychophysical method. Sex and dogmatism were tested as independent variables. The hypothesis was supported in cases where the element of damage in the delinquent event was clear. In cases where the amount of damage presented a problem, the independent variables explained significant amounts of variation in the dependent variable. It was concluded that in these latter cases, the cognitive mode of orientation is used, producing less consensus. Methodological difficulties inherent in the use of psychophysical scaling are discussed. It is concluded that these difficulties should be overcome before using the Sellin-Wolf...
TL;DR: The first legal rules about medical malpractice are to be found in 1700 B.C. (Antique Babylon) and only about 3,000 years later a legally based definition about medical misbehavior is given in the "Carolina" and a judgement by experts (medical professional people) is demanded as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The first legal rules about medical malpractice are to be found in 1700 B.C. (Antique Babylon). Only about 3,000 years later a legally based definition about medical malpractice is given in the "Carolina" and a judgement by experts (medical professional people) is demanded. In about 1630, Paolo Zacchia finds the following statement for medical malpractice: "Medicus errat ommitendo et commitendo". In 1797, Fahner demands a modern definition (still acknowledged today) for medical malpractice and he demands courts for the medical profession. With the Prussian Medical Legislation part of these demands were met in the first third of the 19th century.
Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an updated detailed and comprehensive explanation of the civiil litigation systems for all Australian jurisdictions, dealing with all phases of civil proceeds from the originating process including the jurisdictional issues associated with the choice of court, to the enforcement of judgement.
Abstract: The book presents an updated detailed and comprehensive explanation of the civiil litigation systems for all Australian jurisdictions. It deals with all phases of civil proceeds from the originating process including the jurisdictional issues associated with the choice of court, to the enforcement of judgement.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The judgement at the end of a paternity case is a decision, and the mathematics and statistics of the method must be examined in terms of decision theory, which explains the practice of the courts.
Abstract: The judgement at the end of a paternity case is a decision. Accordingly, the mathematics and statistics of the method must be examined in terms of decision theory. Both decisions, “non-father” and “father”, can possibly be wrong, which will be expressed as “loss A” and “loss B”, respectively. Optimal approaches minimize these losses, in the case of Bayes’ Principle the average loss ( = risk), in the minimax method the maximum loss. Bayes’ Principle leads to the use of Essen-Moller’s W, the minimax principle to the use of transcending and minorizing probabilities a and Bayes’ Principle is to be preferred for both theoretical and practical reasons, which explains the practice of the courts.
Dissertation•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins is used in Matthew's Gospel, Ch.25, v1-13, as an allegory of the Last Judgement as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins is told in Matthew's Gospel, Ch.25, v1-13, as an allegory of the Last Judgement. This thesis sets out to examine firstly, how closely the parable is related to the iconography of the Last Judgement in the art of the 15th and 16th centuries; secondly to demonstrate how its inter pretation came to be broadened by association with other biblical themes, themselves part of the Last Judgement iconography. Part I traces the origins and develop ment of the theme from early Christian times to the 15th century. In these early sources the artistic tradition of linking the parable to the Last Judgement was first established; the Wise and Foolish Virgins were also linked with Ecclesia and Synagogue and with the Virtues and Vices; and the typological tradition of biblical illustration broadened the theme further by pairing it with other biblical feasts. Appendix I is a handlist of the Wise and Foolish Virgins up till the late 15th century and it illustrates how popular the theme had become by the Middle Ages. Part IX treats the parable in the late 15th and the 16th centuries. Chapter I looks at examples of Wise and Foolish Virgins in prints and drawings in the early years of the 16th century, and demonstrates how the virgins were treated individually, how the theme was secularised and tended to degenerate, sometimes into mere costume studies of contemporary, fashionably-dressed maidens; sometimes into rather sensual nudes. Chapter II shows the theme restored to its original biblical context by Netherlandish artists; while Chapter V ProQuest Number: 10167220
TL;DR: Non-alignment as mentioned in this paper is a statement of a particular country that it will determine its policies for itself according to its own judgement about its needs and merits of a case, and is thus a refusal to be party to any permanent diplomatic or military identification with the Great Powers.
Abstract: Non-alignment is...simply a statement of a particular country that it will determine its policies for itself according to its own judgement about its needs and merits of a case. It is thus a refusal to be party to any permanent diplomatic or military identification with the Great Powers; it is a refusal to take part in any alliance or to allow any military bases by the Great Powers of the world. 1
TL;DR: In this paper, a general electrical manufacturer in Japan is taken as an example and one example of an evaluation method is introduced, which is based on comparison with other main rival companies and has the advantage of permitting a judgement convincing all people relating each business.
Abstract: In a company manufacturing a variety of products, it is necessary for its technology staff on the corporate levels to evaluate the engineering activity of each business unit. A certain general electrical manufacturer in Japan is taken as an example and one example of an evaluation method is introduced. This method is based on comparison with other main rival companies and has the advantage of permitting a judgement convincing all people relating each business. Based upon the evaluation data thus obtained, top management and corporate staff can map out adequate technical policy and give advice for directives to each business unit.
01 Oct 1981
TL;DR: In this article, the procedures of system reliability assessment in nuclear power are described, with particular reference to the need for evaluating human reliability, and an alternative methodology described, which utilises quantified subjective judgement.
Abstract: The procedures of system reliability assessment in nuclear power are described, with particular reference to the need for evaluating human reliability. The shortcomings of existing approaches are discussed, and an alternative methodology described, which utilises quantified subjective judgement.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The psychopathological phenomenons, reported about the prophet Ezekiel, can be understood as ecstatic experiences and symbolic behaviour which give hints at a sensible personality, however show no clear evidence for a profound psychological disturbance or schizophrenic psychosis.
Abstract: The psychopathological phenomenons, reported about the prophet Ezekiel, can be understood as ecstatic experiences and symbolic behaviour which give hints at a sensible personality, however show no clear evidence for a profound psychological disturbance or schizophrenic psychosis. Ezekiel announces the radical judgement of God and the promised total new beginning of God after judgement and repentance of the people. Not only words shall announce the coming judgement and call for repentance, but also especially striking and startling symbolic behaviour. The contents of the message leads to a total consecration of the prophet which covers all the areas of his life and is connected with solitude and much psychophysical strain.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The strategic aspects of the written medical prescription, often overlooked, include fulfillment of the placebo, make-believe, and temporizing effects of prescribing; the patient's expectations to receive and participate in the choice of therapy; and the physicians's need for action.
Abstract: The strategic aspects of the written medical prescription, often overlooked, include fulfillment of the placebo, make-believe, and temporizing effects of prescribing; the patient's expectations to receive and participate in the choice of therapy; and the physicians's need for action. Prescribing requires fine judgement as to which drug to use, when to give it, and in what quantity and frequency.
TL;DR: This article argued that our understanding of human beings, which is what I take the Christian doctrine of man to be concerned with, will benefit considerably from an examination of two different but related clusters of human attitudes which can be found respectively under the headings "optimism" and "pessimism".
Abstract: My argument will be that our understanding of human beings, which is what I take the Christian doctrine of man to be concerned with, will benefit considerably from an examination of two different but related clusters of human attitudes which can be found respectively under the headings ‘optimism’ and ‘pessimism’. There are many pitfalls in the way of such an enterprise, and occasionally some prejudices to be overcome. For example L. E. Loemker in the relevant articles in the Encyclopedia of Philosophy concludes a fairly lengthy discussion with the rather terminal judgement: