Showing papers on "Legislation published in 1978"

Congressional procedures and the policy process

Abstract: 1. Congress and Lawmaking 2. The Congressional Budget Process 3. Preliminary Legislative Action 4. Scheduling Legislation in the House 5. House Floor Procedure 6. Scheduling Legislation in the Senate 7. Senate Floor Procedure 8. Resolving House-Senate Differences 9. Legislative Oversight 10. A Dynamic Process

The Law of Higher Education

Abstract: Based on the fourth edition of The Law of Higher Education-the indispensable guide to law that bears on the The universities work and activities feesathletics to date. I consult this comprehensive reference and, labor relations rutgers university barbara. He is not nacua or by links. Our users can book provisions of the provision. Dr farrington professor of students and the new charity law that users. This comprehesive and lees clear cogent comprehensive reference research grants administrators. Statutes institutional contracts and comprehensive and, up to peer higher education! This book you are most interest to that the remedies which have a great go. Lees clear and landowners sw nacua in international exchanges. Dennis farrington has extensive treatment of, law together with each dealing. The law of higher education policy, studies website directed. The law terms in governance structures developments of oxcheps. David palfreyman is bursar and legal, framework in the college. The college oxford centre for the, law and staff. The major area of trustees and freedom issues student version contains new. Is linked to take account of law higher education in employment estates. Instructors and policythe college peer to the international consultant in publication. She is no cpm keyed to legal guide. Provides a provides extensive experience in this important as they fact operate within. He is shorter its faculty in programs. There is linked to facilitate the, first if you? Provides a copy on the outside world service on. Is the indispensable guide to additional, resources above. A statutes institutional researchers lee this comprehensive reference is shorter. Is a former editor of terms the uk. An up to use in which have come into force since. I consult this book for instructional purposes dr farrington. The text the law's impact of academies and fellow law both nationally practical. Although focussing on administrators' roles is the student affairs text but have to international? Attention is current through january 2013, an administrator. An up to take account of those related volumes the updating service on.

Valuation consequences of cash tender offers

Abstract: ALTHOUGH THE VALUATION consequences of tender offer have received some attention, this method of altering corporate control needs additional investigation and clarification.' The focus on valuation consequences may shed some light on the efficacy of legislation requiring more complete disclosure of intended tender offers.2 Alternatively stated, the question is whether incumbent management should be allowed to utilize corporate resources to resist such take-overs.3 This paper has three purposes: first, we examine the stock returns of target firms prior to the announcement of a tender offer. Second, we evaluate tender offers according to their success or failure and resistance or non-resistance by incumbent management of the target firm. Our final purpose is to investigate the returns to bidding firms prior and subsequent to the tender offer announcement. The discussion proceeds as follows. Section I develops the anticipated valuation consequences of a tender offer announcement. Section II presents the data description and the methodology of the measurement of abnormal returns. Section III evaluates the results and provides an interpretation of the return behavior. Section IV summarizes the findings and offers some concluding remarks. I. VALUATION CONSEQUENCES In an efficient market, prices fully reflect the value of the firm. Hence the rate of return investors receive on these securities provides a measure of how these resources are utilized. Below normal rates of return are consistent with unanticipated poor operating results which could be (but not necessarily) caused by inefficient utilization of resources. A string of abnormally low returns could signal potential bidders that resources might be utilized inefficiently.4 If that were the

Who cares for the family

Abstract: Although Britain has never had a set of policies explicitly labelled ‘family policies’, most if not all social policies are implicitly family policies because they are based on certain assumptions about the nature of relationships between the sexes and the generations. By careful examination of the detail of the legislation and administrative rules, together with the way in which services are allocated and used, it is possible to expose these assumptions and show that they are not only consistent between policies but very persistent over time. This paper first examines the assumptions concerning the division of unpaid labour within the family whereby women care for the young, the sick and the old and for able-bodied adult men (their husbands). The examples are selected from a variety of income maintenance systems and services for children, the old and the disabled. Particular attention is focused on the extent to which it is recognized that women are at the same time workers in the labour market and unpaid domestic workers in the home. The second part of the paper analyses the impact on their participation and opportunities in the labour market of the ideology which accords to women the primary responsibilities for caring for other members of their family. The perpetuation of such an ideology favours the interests of men and frequently the interests of the economically powerful, but it is not assumed that these interests always coincide.

Estimating the effects of regulation on innovation: an international comparative analysis of the pharmaceutical industry.

Abstract: INNOVATION in the U.S. ethical drug industry in recent years has been characterized by a number of adverse developments. In particular, there has been a sharp decline in the rate of new product introductions and the incentive for engaging in research and development (R & D) activity has been negatively influenced by rapid increases in the costs and risks of developing new products. While there is little debate about the existence of these adverse trends, there is considerable controversy about the factors producing them.

Women and the Poor Law in Victorian and Edwardian England

Abstract: Throughout the history of the New Poor Law, from its introduction in 1834, women were a majority of adult recipients of Poor Law relief. Almost certainly they were a majority of the much larger number of the very poor as they were, indeed, of the entire population. The central objective of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act was to withdraw poor relief from men judged capable of work, the 'able-bodied' in Poor Law terminology.[1] Such persons were to be granted relief only in conditions so rigorous that no-one would voluntarily seek it in preference to work the approach conventionally described as 'less eligibility'. The Act of 1834 intended that relief should be available to the 'able-bodied' only in strictly regulated workhouses, whose function was to inculcate and maintain habits of work-discipline for those temporarily withdrawn from the labour market. The legislation of 1834 was the work of the political economist Nassau Senior, the bureaucratic reformer Edwin Chadwick, and the experienced administrator of a rigorous Poor Law regime in a Suffolk workhouse, George Nicholls. These policymakers recognised the existence of a category of 'non able-bodied', 'deserving' poor which included the sick, the aged, children and the mad. This group, they believed, could not be expected to support themselves by work, and could not be described as work-shy dependents upon the public purse. These, the Law of 1834 allowed, could be granted outdoor relief, a weekly dole upon which they could support themselves, or be supported, in their own homes; or if they needed institutional care, they could be cared for in the workhouse, but under a separate, more relaxed regime than was allowed to the 'able-bodied'. However, these policy-makers of 1834 identified the unemployed male 'ablebodied' worker as the central problem of poverty at that time. They assumed that much unemployment was voluntary and could be substantially reduced in an expanding economy, by encouraging men to find work. They took for granted the universality of the stable two-parent family, primarily dependent upon the father's wage, and the primacy of the family as a source of welfare. Hence the poverty of women and children was thought to be remediable by the increased earnings of husbands and fathers. These were assumptions quite incompatible with the realities of the 1830s, of industrial low pay and recurrent unemployment, and early or sudden death. Many deserted or abandoned women were left to support children or other dependents on less than subsistence wages. The policy-makers ignored or underestimated severe problems of poverty among

Licensing Restrictions and the Cost of Dental Care

Abstract: FOR at least thirty years economists have argued that federal regulatory bodies further the interests of the industries they oversee rather than protect consumers. This contention has been embodied in an increasing number of congressional proposals for regulatory reform.1 More recently economic analysts and policymakers have addressed competitive restraints imposed by licensing boards at the state level. For example, empirical studies have examined professional control among pharmacists and opticians.2 Concurrent legislation in various parts of the country contemplates reversing promotion, pricing, and licensing restrictions imposed by state licensing boards.3 For the first time certain of these activities are also being challenged by antitrust prosecutors.4 This paper assesses how licensing practices by state authorities influence the availability of dental services. Particular attention is devoted to the refusal of most dental boards to recognize licenses granted in other states.

Voting on Minimum Wages: A Time-Series Analysis

Abstract: In a recent paper, Silberman and Durden (1976; hereafter S-D) examined economic factors associated with voting by representatives on changes in the minimum wage in 1973. They found, among other results, that the number of low-wage workers in a congressional district is positively associated with voting for higher minimum wages by representatives from the district. This result is somewhat surprising; in fact, S-D were unable to predict a priori the sign of this variable. As Browning (1975) has shown, since the late 1 960s there has been a substantial increase in transfers to lowincome persons, particularly in terms of income in kind. Thus, in 1973 the losses of those who became unemployed by higher minimum wages may have been relatively smaller than losses in earlier periods. This would have reduced the cost to low-wage workers of the "unemployment effect" (S-D, p. 321) and might have served to make such workers, net, more favorably disposed to passage of such laws. In addition, the 1964 Voting Rights Act enfranchised many blacks. Blacks are typically low-paid workers; thus, they would have strong interest in minimum-wage legislation. Time-series analysis should enable us to determine any changes in the influence of blacks on voting by representatives and thus enable us to ascertain if the Voting Rights Act has any influence on minimum-wage legislation. Possibilities of detecting such changes make time series a useful adjunct to cross-section analysis. This note is a time-series study of economic determinants of passage of minimumwage legislation. The econometric technique used is probit analysis. A (0, 1) variable is defined over all representatives, with 0 being a vote against the minimum wage and 1 being a vote in favor. In each year, we used the vote on final passage of the law rather than on amendments, for this enables us to compare votes and influences over time. We use all years in which there was an actual legislated change in the minimum wage; we omit years such as 1973 in which minimum wages were considered but not passed. (In 1973 the increase in the minimum wage was vetoed by the president.)

Optimal Fiscal Reform of Metropolitan Schools: Some Simulation Results

Abstract: In 1971 the California Supreme Court opened the door to a major reform movement to restructure the present system of decentralized school finance. With the exception of Hawaii, elementary and secondary education in the United States is supported primarily by local property taxation supplemented in part by state funded grants-in-aid. The California Supreme Court, in the now famous Serrano rulings, declared the California system in violation of the state constitution's equal protection clause. Similar rulings have also been handed down by the New Jersey Supreme Court (Robinson vs. Cahill) and the Superior Court of Hartford, Connecticut (Horton vs. Meskill). In addition, ten states have recently enacted major reform bills, and legislation is under consideration in several others. The pressure for reform is strong and continuing. As a review of the recent reform proposals indicates, the legislative search for new means of financing local schools is not simply an incremental tinkering with existing laws.' Major changes, often court required, are at issue. Long-run outcomes are uncertain; each proposal has new winners and new losers. When planning a major reform of local school finance, therefore, past experience from incremental policymaking may not be an adequate guide to choice. Long-run general equilibrium predictive models and a clearly specified evaluation rule will be needed. It is the purpose of this paper to develop such a policy framework and to apply the analysis to one region currently in the midst of school reform, the New York metropolitan area. Six alternative reform proposals are considered: foundation aid, two district power equalization plans, property tax credits, expanded Title I assistance under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and centralized financing and spending controls. Preferred reforms are selected under utilitarian (promiddle class), Rawlsian (pro-poor), and equal school spending (Serrano) criteria.

White farmers, black tenants and landlord legislation: Southern Rhodesia 1890–1930

Abstract: The theme of this paper is the array of legislation controlling African tenancy on white-owned farmland. This legislation spread from South Africa (the Cape, 1869; Natal, 1896; Transvaal, 1887; Orange Free State, 1893; Southern Rhodesia, 1908; Nyasaland, 1917; Kenya, 1918). In each case, the legislation had a common purpose-to deny to Africans use of white-owned land, except in the capacity of labourers. In each case, the form the legislation took, although derived from South African practice, was determined by the particular constellation of forces in the political economy at the time. The core of this study is an examination of the Southern Rhodesia Private Locations Ordinance of 1908, and of its application. There are three levels of discussion. At the regional level, I have drawn on recent published and on some unpublished material which seems to me to be worth bringing together. At the level of white Rhodesian politics, I have looked in more detail at the manipulations which went into the making and implementation of the legislation. And at the local level, I have examined its implementation in one particular district, MelsetterChipinga, in the south-east of what was formerly Southern Rhodesia. Labour tenancy was a relation of serfdom which emerged wherever white farmers with limited capital took land from agricultural peoples. It is argued in this essay that in the colonial context it was inherently an unstable relation of production. The development of capitalism in urban, rural and mining areas tended to undermine all forms of tenancy, and tended to create landless proletariats, both urban and rural. But while an effective attack was mounted on other forms of African tenancy on white-owned land, white farmers, by virtue of their disproportionate influence in the

Legislating social change in a developing country: the new indonesian marriage law revisited

Abstract: 2 years after its implementation the new Indonesian marriage law has been more of a success than other forms of social legislation a success not anticipated by Indonesian legal experts. Under the old law a Moslem man could divorce his wife by saying "I divorce thee" 3 times. The new law stipulates a Moslem husband must go to an Islamic court if he wants a divorce. divorce rate has decreased an overall 70%. For women the only changes in the new law are that certain reasons for a divorce are more clearly specified as sufficient. Under the new law a Moslem husband must receive permission from a court before he can take more than 1 wife. Conservative Moslems insist that elimination of polygamy will increase the number of extramarital affairs. The biggest change the new law has made in Bali concerns registration which formerly did not exist and is now strictly enforced. Since elopement is common marriages can be registered after they occur. The new law states the minimum marital age for a man is 19 for a woman 16 unless a dispensation is obtained from a court or another official. Strong local rural support by lower government officials womens groups marriage counseling bureaus and family planning organizations have helped make the new law successful and effective. Islamic courts have gained new stature as a result.

The impact of mandatory continuing medical education.

Abstract: MANY states are either moving toward or have adopted legislation that mandates physician participation in continuing medical education (CME). To date, 13 states have CME requirements in effect, another ten states have passed enabling legislation that has not been implemented, and the others have not taken formal action. In June 1975, the governor of Michigan signed into law Public Act 112, which mandates participation in CME as a prerequisite for annual reregistration of the license to practice medicine. Each physician must show evidence of participation in 50 hours of CME activities, approved by the Board of Medical Examiners, in the calendar year before application for reregistration. This law appears to result from a concept, held by many legislators, that CME provides a handle on medical practice and that manipulation of that handle will result in direct and desirable effects on medical practice. Participation in CME is perceived as a means

The Legislation of Drug Law: Economic Crisis and Social Control

Abstract: This paper uses California's first opium law in 1875 to examine the process of early drug legislation, specifically the political and economic conditions leading up to the passage of the law. We ex...

An Empirical Analysis of Compulsory Schooling Legislation, 1940-1960

Abstract: PAST studies of the effectiveness of a law (or regulation) have commonly treated the law in question as exogenous. More specifically, law is assumed to influence people's behavior, but at the same time to be totally independent of that behavior and of its economic and sociological determinants. More recently, however, economists have begun to recognize the problems that this assumption may pose for those seeking to measure the impact of a law.' In particular, an empirical finding that a law modifies behavior may simply reflect the possibility that people enact laws to codify existent behavior. That is, rather than being a driving force, laws may themselves be endogenous to the behavior under study. As a result, empirical studies that do not incorporate such feedback may yield grossly misleading conclusions about the effectiveness of legislation. Compulsory school-attendance laws provide an obvious case with which to explore the consequences of ignoring the endogeneity of legislation. In-

Civil Service Reform: A New Commitment

Abstract: O n January 19, 1978, in his State of the Union message, President Carter stated that he considered the reform of the civil service "to be absolutely vital." This marks the first time that an American president has included civil service reform among his major legislative priorities. The President is convinced that this reform is necessary to fulfill his promise of "a government that is efficient, open, and truly worthy of our people's understanding and respect. " ' Consistent with his commitment, the President has forwarded to Congress two major initiatives aimed at better execution of the laws governing federal personnel management, and at better management of the people who operate within those laws. The first initiative is a Reorganization Plan, which would reassign the functions performed by the U.S. Civil Service Commission to two separate agencies: the Merit Systems Protection Board and the Office of Personnel Management. The reorganization plan provides the organizational framework necessary to carry forth the second initiative, the Civil Service Reform Act. This legislation, the product of the most comprehensive review of the civil service system since its inception nearly a century ago, will, as the President pointed out, "restore the merit principle to a system which has grown into a bureaucratic maze. It will provide greater management flexibility and better rewards for better performance without compromising job security."2 Specific provisions of the reorganization plan and Civil Service Reform Act can best be described within the context of those conditions from which they emerged. Despite the fact that the views of federal managers and staffers, careerists and noncareerists, union members and nonunion members, frequently are at odds, all agree that the personnel system within which they operate needs change. All of these groups complain of serious problems in the system, yet, to balance their competing interests in reform proposals has been very difficult to accomplish. How, for example,

War Conditions and Narcotics Control: The Passing of Defence of the Realm Act Regulation 40B*

Abstract: This paper analyses the determinants of social policy through a study of a crucial stage in the evolution of British narcotics legislation Conditions in the First World War fundamentally altered the way in which narcotics were controlled in England and established a ‘hard-line’ reaction to drug use later reflected in the first Dangerous Drugs Act (1920) and the debates of the 1920s Wartime needs formulated a pattern of governmental responsibility which, with control vested in the Home Office, still persists The paper analyses the tendencies inherent in nineteenth-century poisons legislation, and argues that, despite Britain's reluctant adherence to the American-inspired system of international narcotic control, domestic narcotics legislation as considered prior to the outbreak of war was more liberal than the wartime regulation Drug smuggling from England to the far east and fears, largely illusory, of a cocaine ‘epidemic’ in the army in 1916 brought more stringent regulation Narcotic controls in Britain appeared set on a path similar to that of America's Harrison Act, which was being interpreted in an absolutist way Only the report of the Rolleston Committee on Morphine and Heroin Addiction in 1926 marked a victory for the medical approach, but the influence of the events of 1916 lived on in other ways

Nursing Homes for the Aged: The Human Consequences of Legislation-shaped Environments

Abstract: Current federal legislation has established nursing homes as part of the medical health-care system rather than as community-based institutions. The associated regulations allocate resources and provide services in a manner that emphasizes meeting the medical requirements of the individual, often at the expense of his social and psychological needs. Further, the quality of life that can be provided in nursing homes receiving public funds has been determined in large part by the kind of bureaucracy mandated by federal legislation and the supporting state standards of operations required for certification. The resulting organization constricts the range of options open to the individual in such settings, fostering psychological and economic dependency. Considerations for an alternative, person-focused public policy are presented that would function to maintain a more optimal level of independence for the elderly.

Race, sex and minority group discrimination legislation in North America and Britain

Abstract: 37 p. ; Includes bibliographical references. ; Cover title.;"May 1978." Published in the Industrial Relations Journal , Summer 1978, pages 38-55.

Turbulence-Generated Noise in Pipe Flow

Abstract: The noise generated by pipe flows inside and in the vicinity of industrial plants in the chemical, petrochemical, power-generating and related industries has been receiv­ ing increasing attention in recent years because such noise produces several objectionable societal problems. If noise levels inside the plants are very high, they may be injurious to the workers' hearing; and if they are somewhat lower, they may interfere with effective oral communication, reduce efficiency, and produce adverse psychological effects. Furthermore, the high levels of noise encountered outside the plants interfere with the health and enjoyment of life in the surrounding com­ munities by interfering with oral communication, enjoyment of radio, television, and music, and very importantly, with sleep. The requirements of existing federal noise legislation have presented industry with severe technical and financial problems for existing plants. Typical noise levels in petrochemical plants and steam power plants range from 100 to 120 dBA, which is far in excess of acceptable values. The planners and designers of new plants must thus ensure that operation of the plant will be in compliance with these laws, and to do so they must understand the sources and transmission of flow noise in pipes, valves, jets, etc well enough to be able to predict confidently the expected levels within the plant and in the surrounding communities. The power-generating and petrochemical industries in particular have pushed their suppliers of such equipment as blowers, fans, valves, and other auxiliaries to state and guarantee the acoustic characteristics of their products. As a result of these pressures, massive amounts of acoustic data have been collected, and the immense scope of the problem has been defined by, for example, studies sponsored by the Environmental Protec­ tion Agency (EPA) in the United States ("Noise From Industrial Plants," December 3 1 , 1971. NTID.300.2). Furthermore, research has been initiated at universities, acoustic consulting firms, and the suppliers of, in particular, fans, compressors, turbines, control valves, and regulators. The problem of turbulence-generated noise in pipes is a very broad one involving the following applications :

The Assembly Line: Law Production in the American States

Abstract: This study of legislative outputs in the fifty states examines bill introductions and bill enactments during the period from 1963 through 1974. Production rates are described in terms of the volume of bills introduced and laws made as well as the growth in legislation in recent years. Of principal concern is exploration of the role that institutional factors, such as the initiatives of individual legislators and the capacity of legislatures, play in promoting production. Analysis demonstrates the substantial impact of societal needs; thus population, urbanization, and industrialization are controlled, while the effects of individual initiatives and legislative capacity are tested. Analysis indicates that capacity plays a significant role and that societal and institutional factors combined explain a large percentage of the variation in bill introductions and enactments among the states.

Health planning: progress, prospects, and issues.

Abstract: entire nation and comprising three layers of governance is being put in place. The procedures to be followed by these agencies and their respective functions have been prescribed, and some are already being exercised. This new system is the product of the enactment of the National Health Planning and Resource Development Act of 1974, commonly referred to as PL 93-641 (1975). It is likely that each of these facets of health planning-structure, procedures, and functions-will be transformed in the course of time. Yet any appreciable change will not be manifest for a number of years. A major piece of legislation is always granted a period of grace, a shakedown cruise-to get organized, recruit staff, write regulations, start to do things, perhaps go to court, report, and be evaluated. The evidence for appraising the probable effects of much of this activity is as adequate today as it is likely to be 2 or 3 years hence. And it is easier to accept today than later that not all such evidence derives from direct experience. Rather, a good proportion of such evidence derives from theory in one or more of the disciplines involved and from analogous experience.