Showing papers on "Mitotic index published in 2022"

Comparative investigation of toxicity induced by UV-A and UV-C radiation using Allium test

Abstract: Organisms are increasingly exposed to ultraviolet (UV) rays of sunlight, due to the thinning of the ozone layer and its widespread use in sterilization processes, especially against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The present study was conducted with the purpose of evaluating the damages of UV-A and UV-C radiations in Allium cepa L. roots. The effects of two different types of UV on some physiological, biochemical, cytogenotoxic, and anatomical parameters were investigated in a multifaceted study. Three groups were formed from Allium bulbs, one of which was the control group. One of the other groups was exposed to 254 nm (UV-C) and the other to 365 nm (UV-A) UV. Growth retardation effect of UV was investigated with respect to germination percentage, total weight gain, and root elongation, while cytogenotoxicity arisen from UV exposure was analyzed using mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) frequency. Oxidative stress due to UV application was investigated based on the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the total activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes. Also, anatomical changes induced by UV-A and UV-C were analyzed in root meristematic cells. UV treatments caused significant reductions in growth-related parameters. Both UV treatments caused a significant increase in MDA levels and induction of SOD and CAT enzymes in root meristematic cells. A decrease in MI and an increase in the frequency of MN and CAs were observed in root tip cells, indicating the cytogenotoxic effect of UV application. Anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, necrotic zones, giant cell nucleus, and indistinct transmission tissue occurred in cells exposed to UV. All of the physiological, biochemical, cytogenetic, and anatomical damages observed in this study were more severe in cells treated with UV-C compared to UV-A. This study suggested that UV exposure triggered growth inhibition, cytogenotoxicity, oxidative stress, and meristematic cell damages in A. cepa roots depending on the wavelength.

In Vitro and In Vivo Anticancer and Genotoxicity Profiles of Green Synthesized and Chemically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles.

Abstract: Silver nanoparticles were green synthesized (Ag-PTs) employing the crude extract of Padina tetrastromatica, a marine alga, and their anticancer and safety profile were compared with those of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) by in vitro and in vivo models. Ag-PT exhibited potent cytotoxicity against B16-F10 (IC50 = 3.29), MCF-7 (IC50 = 4.36), HEPG2 (IC50 =3.89), and HeLa (IC50 = 4.97) cancer cell lines, whereas they exhibited lower toxicity on normal CHO-K1 cells (IC50 = 5.16). The potent anticancer activity of Ag-PTs on cancer cells is due to the liberation of ions from the nanoparticles. Increased ion internalization to the cells promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ultimately leads to cell death. The in vitro anticancer results and in vivo melanoma tumor regression study showed significant inhibition of melanoma tumor growth due to Ag-PT treatment. Ag-PT is involved in the upregulation of the p53 protein and downregulation of Sox-2 along with the Ki-67 protein. The antitumor effects of Ag-PTs may be due to the additional release of ions at a lower pH of the tumor microenvironment than that of the normal tissue. The results of safety investigations of Ag-PT by studying mitotic chromosome aberrations (CAs), micronucleus (MN) induction, and mitotic index (MI) demonstrated Ag-PT to be less genotoxic compared to Ag-NP. The bioefficacy and toxicology outcomes together demonstrated that the green synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-PTs) could be explored to develop a biocompatible, therapeutic agent and a vehicle of drug delivery for various biomedical applications.

Dose-dependent toxicity profile and genotoxicity mechanism of lithium carbonate

Abstract: Abstract The increasing widespread use of lithium, which is preferred as an energy source in batteries produced for electric vehicles and in many electronic vehicles such as computers and mobile phones, has made it an important environmental pollutant. In this study, the toxicity profile of lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) was investigated with the Allium test, which is a bio-indicator test. Dose-related toxic effects were investigated using Li 2 CO 3 at doses of 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, and 100 mg/L. The toxicity profile was determined by examining physiological, cytotoxic, genotoxic, biochemical and anatomical effects. Physiological effects of Li 2 CO 3 were determined by root length, injury rate, germination percentage and weight gain while cytotoxic effects were determined by mitotic index (MI) ratio and genotoxic effects were determined by micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs). The effect of Li 2 CO 3 on antioxidant and oxidant dynamics was determined by examining glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and anatomical changes were investigated in the sections of root meristematic tissues. As a result, Li 2 CO 3 exhibited a dose-dependent regression in germination-related parameters. This regression is directly related to the MI and 100 mg/L Li 2 CO 3 reduced MI by 38% compared to the control group. MN and CAs were observed at high rates in the groups treated with Li 2 CO 3 . Fragments were found with the highest rate among CAs. Other damages were bridge, unequal distribution of chromatin, sticky chromosome, vagrant chromosome, irregular mitosis, reverse polarization and multipolar anaphase. The genotoxic effects were associated with Li 2 CO 3 -DNA interactions determined by molecular docking. The toxic effects of Li 2 CO 3 are directly related to the deterioration of the antioxidant/oxidant balance in the cells. While MDA, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, increased by 59.1% in the group administered 100 mg/L Li 2 CO 3 , GSH, which has an important role in cell defense, decreased by 60.8%. Significant changes were also detected in the activities of SOD and CAT, two important enzymes in antioxidant defense, compared to the control. These toxic effects, which developed in the cells belonging to the lithium-treated groups, were also reflected in the tissue anatomy, and anatomical changes such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, thickening of the cortex cell wall and unclear vascular tissue were observed in the anatomical sections. The frequency of these changes also increased depending on the Li 2 CO 3 dose. As a result, Li 2 CO 3 , which is one of the lithium compounds, and has become an important contaminant in the environment with increasing technological developments, caused a combined and versatile toxicity in Allium cepa L. meristematic cells, especially by causing deterioration in antioxidant/oxidant dynamics.

Cyto–Genotoxic Effect Causing Potential of Polystyrene Micro-Plastics in Terrestrial Plants

Abstract: The polystyrene micro-plastics (Ps-MPs) is one of the leading pollutants found in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. While most of the studies on the morphology and cyto-toxicity of MPs have been based on aquatic organisms, their effects on terrestrial plants are still scarcely known. The present study was an attempt to measure the effect of different sizes (80, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 nm) and concentrations (100 and 400 mg/L) of Ps-MPs on the root length and chromosomes of root tip cells of Allium cepa using A. cepa root chromosomal aberration assay. Large size Ps-MPs (4000 and 8000 nm) showed the highest reduction in A. cepa root length; however, the differences were not significant (at p ≤ 0.05), with respect to negative control (Milli-Q water). The mitotic index showed both significant size- and concentration-dependent decreases, being the lowest (12.06%) in 100 nm at 100 mg/L concentration, with respect to the control (25.05%). The chromosomal abnormality index (CAI) and nuclear abnormality index (NAI) showed significant decreases, with respect to negative control. In addition, the induction of micro-nucleated cells was also observed in Allium root tip cells, when treated with MPs of all sizes, which can predict direct DNA damage to the plant cells. Hence, we conclude that most of the MP sizes caused cyto-toxic and nuclear damage by adversely impacting the spindle formation and induction of micro-nucleated cells in Allium cepa root tip cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that showed the effect of considerable size range of Ps-MP sizes on the root length and cell division in plants.

The Biological Effects of Polystyrene Nanoplastics on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes

Abstract: Environmental exposure to microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) is an increasing concern from human health perspectives. Little information on the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of NP particles in human cells is available. We aimed to assess the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) at different concentrations (2000μg/mL, 1000μg/mL, and 500μg/mL) by using chromosomal aberration (CA) and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays (CBMN) on human peripheral lymphocytes. Dose-dependent hemolytic activity and cell viability were observed against the PSNPs exposure. Increased chromosomal aberrations, such as chromosomal breaks and dicentric chromosomes, and an increase in nucleoplasmic bridge (NBP) formation and nuclear budding (NBUD) were observed. The frequency of mitotic index (MI) decreased significantly in the PSNP-exposed groups from lower to higher concentrations. A significant increase in micronuclei (MN) formation and cytostasis% and a dose-dependent reduction in nuclear division index (NDI) in PSNP-exposed groups indicated oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity, DNA damage, and genomic instabilities due to PSNP exposure in human lymphocyte cells. This study highlights the importance of understanding the toxic mechanisms and associated chronic and acute health effects on humans due to exposure to this pervasive environmental pollutant.

Comprehensive toxicity screening of Pazarsuyu stream water containing heavy metals and protective role of lycopene

Abstract: In this study, heavy metal pollution in the Pazarsuyu stream of Giresun province and the protective role of lycopene against the toxicity caused by this pollution were investigated using the Allium test. Germination percentage, root length and weight gain as physiological markers of toxicity; mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) as genetic markers of toxicity; malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities as biochemical markers of toxicity, and meristematic cell damages were used as anatomical markers. For this aim Allium cepa L. bulbs were divided into six groups and germinated for 72 h with 215 mg/L and 430 mg/L doses of lycopene, tap water and stream water. Heavy metals pollution was analyzed with ICP-MS and Fe > Sr > Ba > Be > Mo > Li were determined according to the rate of presence in the water samples of Pazarsuyu. As a result, germination-related parameters and meristematic cell proliferation of bulbs germinated with Pazarsuyu water samples decreased significantly. Germination percentage, root length and weight gain of the group treated with Pazarsuyu water samples were decreased 50%, 73% and 68%, respectively compared to control. In addition, MN and CAs frequencies, indicating the genotoxic effects, were increased and significant abnormalities were detected in MDA, SOD and CAT levels, which indicate the deterioration of antioxidant/oxidant balance. CA observed with high frequency was also confirmed by DNA fragmentation determined by the Comet test. Stream water application promoted anatomical damages such as epidermis and cortex cell damage, accumulation of some substances in cortex cells, flattened cell nucleus and non-apparent appearance of conduction tissue in root tip meristem cells. All these abnormalities observed in A. cepa root tip cells were associated with the presence of heavy metals in the water samples. Simultaneous application of lycopene with stream water reduced the effects of heavy metals and resulted in a dose-dependent improvement in all parameters studied. Lycopene application showed a protective role by providing an increase in germination parameters and MI, decrease in MN and CAs frequencies, and improvements in MDA, SOD and CAT activities. As a result, heavy metals detected in the water samples of Pazarsuyu stream caused multiple toxicities in the bio-indicator plant, and lycopene reduced this toxicity and recorded a protective role.

Dose-dependent toxicity profile and genotoxicity mechanism of lithium carbonate

Abstract: Abstract The increasing widespread use of lithium, which is preferred as an energy source in batteries produced for electric vehicles and in many electronic vehicles such as computers and mobile phones, has made it an important environmental pollutant. In this study, the toxicity profile of lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) was investigated with the Allium test, which is a bio-indicator test. Dose-related toxic effects were investigated using Li 2 CO 3 at doses of 25 mg/L, 50 mg/L, and 100 mg/L. The toxicity profile was determined by examining physiological, cytotoxic, genotoxic, biochemical and anatomical effects. Physiological effects of Li 2 CO 3 were determined by root length, injury rate, germination percentage and weight gain while cytotoxic effects were determined by mitotic index (MI) ratio and genotoxic effects were determined by micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs). The effect of Li 2 CO 3 on antioxidant and oxidant dynamics was determined by examining glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and anatomical changes were investigated in the sections of root meristematic tissues. As a result, Li 2 CO 3 exhibited a dose-dependent regression in germination-related parameters. This regression is directly related to the MI and 100 mg/L Li 2 CO 3 reduced MI by 38% compared to the control group. MN and CAs were observed at high rates in the groups treated with Li 2 CO 3 . Fragments were found with the highest rate among CAs. Other damages were bridge, unequal distribution of chromatin, sticky chromosome, vagrant chromosome, irregular mitosis, reverse polarization and multipolar anaphase. The genotoxic effects were associated with Li 2 CO 3 -DNA interactions determined by molecular docking. The toxic effects of Li 2 CO 3 are directly related to the deterioration of the antioxidant/oxidant balance in the cells. While MDA, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, increased by 59.1% in the group administered 100 mg/L Li 2 CO 3 , GSH, which has an important role in cell defense, decreased by 60.8%. Significant changes were also detected in the activities of SOD and CAT, two important enzymes in antioxidant defense, compared to the control. These toxic effects, which developed in the cells belonging to the lithium-treated groups, were also reflected in the tissue anatomy, and anatomical changes such as epidermis cell damage, cortex cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, thickening of the cortex cell wall and unclear vascular tissue were observed in the anatomical sections. The frequency of these changes also increased depending on the Li 2 CO 3 dose. As a result, Li 2 CO 3 , which is one of the lithium compounds, and has become an important contaminant in the environment with increasing technological developments, caused a combined and versatile toxicity in Allium cepa L. meristematic cells, especially by causing deterioration in antioxidant/oxidant dynamics.

Prognostic usefulness of a modified risk model for solitary fibrous tumor that includes the Ki-67 labeling index

Abstract: Predicting the prognosis of patients with solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is often difficult. The prognostic risk models developed by Demicco et al. are now the standard for evaluating the risk of SFT metastasis in the current World Health Organization classification of soft tissue and bone tumors.In this study, we examined the prognostic usefulness of a modified version of the Demicco risk models that replaces the mitotic count with the Ki-67 labeling index. We compared the three-variable and four-variable Demicco risk models with our modified risk models using Kaplan-Meier curves based on data for 43 patients with SFT.We found a significant difference in metastasis-free survival when patients were classified into low-risk and intermediate/high-risk groups using the three-variable (P = 0.022) and four-variable (P = 0.046) Demicco models. There was also a significant difference in metastasis-free survival between the low-risk and intermediate/high-risk groups when the modified three-variable (P = 0.006) and four-variable (P = 0.022) models were used.Modified risk models that include the Ki-67 labeling index are effective for prediction of the prognosis in patients with SFT.

Cytogenotoxicity assessment in Allium cepa roots exposed to methyl orange treated with Oedogonium subplagiostomum AP1.

Abstract: The present study is an attempt to assess the cytogenotoxic effect of untreated and methyl orange treated with Oedogonium subplagiostomum AP1 on Allium cepa roots. On the fifth day, root growth, root length, mitotic index, mitotic inhibition/depression, and chromosomal abnormalities were measured in root cells of Allium cepa subjected to untreated and treated methyl orange dye solutions. Roots exposed to treated dye solution exhibited maximum root growth, root length and mitotic index, whereas roots exposed to untreated dye solution had the most mitotic inhibition and chromosomal abnormalities. Allium cepa exposed to untreated dye solution revealed chromosomal aberrations such as disoriented and abnormal chromosome grouping, vagrant and laggard chromosomes, chromosomal loss, sticky chain and disturbed metaphase, pulverised and disturbed anaphase, chromosomal displacement in anaphase, abnormal telophase, and chromosomal bridge at telophase, spindle disturbances and binucleate cells. The comet test was used to quantify DNA damage in the root cells of A. cepa subjected to untreated and treated methyl orange solutions in terms of tail DNA (percent) and tail length. The results concluded that A. cepa exposed to methyl orange induced DNA damage whereas meager damage was noted in the treated dye solution. As a result, the research can be used as a biomarker to detect the genotoxic effects of textile dyes on biota.

Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for patients with high‐risk gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with 3‐year adjuvant imatinib

Abstract: Three years of adjuvant imatinib is the current standard for patients with high‐risk gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). We aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy profiles of 3‐year imatinib, focusing on the prognostic value of various factors. In this registry‐based study, 222 patients with high‐risk GIST who underwent surgical resection followed by 3 years of adjuvant imatinib between 2010 and 2018 were included. The imatinib dose was reduced in 39 (17.6%), and 13 (5.9%) discontinued imatinib due to toxicity. With a median follow‐up duration of 65.7 months, 5‐year recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were 73.2% and 93.9%, respectively. Tumor rupture, tumor size of >10 cm, mitotic index of >10/50 high power fields (HPF) were independent factors for short RFS. Patient subgroups stratified by the risk factors showed distinct RFS (P < .001): patients without the above risk factors or those with only a tumor size of >10 cm showed favorable RFS (5‐year RFS 83.8% and 92.3%, respectively), whereas those with tumor rupture or those with tumor size of >10 cm and mitotic index of >10/50 HPF showed prominently poor RFS (5‐year RFS of 54.8% and 47.9%, respectively). Three years of adjuvant imatinib treatment was generally tolerable and effective, which were consistent with the clinical outcomes of previous reports. The presence of tumor rupture, large tumor and high mitotic count was independently associated with poor RFS. Based on these risk factors, different management strategies, such as different durations of adjuvant imatinib, deserve further investigation.

Phytotoxic and cytogenotoxic assessment of glyphosate on Lactuca sativa L.

Abstract: The active ingredient glyphosate is the most commercialized herbicide on the world market due to its capability in eliminating weeds. However, it can harm the development of non-target organisms and threaten environmental quality. This study analyzed the effects of potentially toxic concentrations of glyphosate on germination, growth, cell cycle and genomic stability of Lactuca sativa L., and identified the most sensitive variables for assessing the toxicity of this herbicide to this biomonitor. Seeds of L. sativa were germinated in Petri dishes containing a sheet of filter paper moistened with 5 mL of a concentration of glyphosate (1.34, 3.35, 6.70, 10.05, 13.40 mg L-1). Controls consisted of distilled water (negative) and 3 mg L-1 CuSO4 (positive). Macroscopic and microscopic variables were analyzed. The germination of L. sativa was not affected by the concentrations of glyphosate. Root length and shoot height of the plants and the mitotic index decreased from the lowest concentration tested on. The chromosomal anomaly index and frequency of micronuclei increased by 3.2 and 22 times, respectively, with the presence of the lowest concentration of glyphosate compared to the negative control. The observed phytotoxic and cytogenotoxic effects demonstrate the negative influence that glyphosate has on the development of L. sativa. Root length and microscopic variables showed the highest sensitivity. This study warns of the possible harmful effects that glyphosate can have on non-target organisms and suggests greater control over the use of this herbicide to mitigate its environmental impact.

Acute multiple toxic effects of Trifloxystrobin fungicide on Allium cepa L.

Abstract: Trifloxystrobin (TFS) is a strobilurin-type fungicide that should be investigated due to its risks to non-targeted organisms. The goal of this study was to assess the susceptibility of Allium cepa L. to TFS in a multi-pronged approach. For 72 h, 0.2 g/L, 0.4 g/L and 0.8 g/L doses of TFS were administered to A. cepa bulbs and the control group was treated with tap water. The toxic effects of TFS were tested, considering physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical and anatomical analyses. TFS delayed growth by reducing the rooting ratio, root elongation and weight increase. Following TFS treatments, mitotic index (MI) scores decreased, while the formation of micronucleus (MN) and chromosomal aberrations (CAs) ascended. CAs types induced by TFS were listed according to their frequency as fragment, vagrant chromosome, sticky chromosome, uneven distribution of chromatin, bridge, nucleus with vacuoles, reverse polarization and irregular mitosis. TFS provoked an increment in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities as well as an accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Meristematic cells of A. cepa roots treated with TFS had various anatomical damages, including damaged epidermis, flattened cell nucleus, damaged cortex and thickness in the cortex cell wall. All damages arising from TFS treatments exhibited dose-dependency. The findings of the present study revealed the serious toxicity of TFS in a non-targeted plant. It should not be neglected to evaluate the potential hazards of TFS with different toxicity tests.

Environmentally realistic concentrations of eprinomectin induce phytotoxic and genotoxic effects in Allium cepa

Abstract: Eprinomectin, a veterinary drug within the family of avermectins, is widely used in the agricultural sector to combat a variety of parasites, mainly nematodes. However, only 10% of the drug is metabolized in the organism, so large quantities of the drug are released into the environment through urine and/or feces. Soil is the first and main environmental compartment to be contaminated by it, and nontargeted organisms can be affected. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the phytotoxicity (through the evaluation of germination, root development, and germination speed) and genotoxicity (through an assessment of the induction of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations) of eprinomectin. For the analyses, Allium cepa seeds were germinated in soil contaminated with a range of concentrations of eprinomectin: from 0.5 to 62.5 μg/g for the genotoxicity test and from 0.5 to 128.0 μg/g for the phytotoxicity test. The results showed that seed germination was not affected, but root development was affected at concentrations of 0.5 μg/g, 1.0 μg/g, 4.0 μg/g, 8.0 μg/g, 64.0 μg/g, and 128.0 μg/g, and germination speed was significantly changed at concentrations of 1.0 μg/g, 4.0 μg/g, 16.0 μg/g, 32.0 μg/g, and 64.0 μg/g. Significant differences in the mitotic index and genotoxicity index were observed only at concentrations of 2.5 μg/g and 12.5 μg/g, respectively. Only the 0.5 μg/g concentration did not show significant induction of micronuclei in the meristematic cells, but the damage observed at other concentrations did not persist in F1 cells. According to the results, eprinomectin is both phytotoxic and genotoxic, so the release of eprinomectin into the environment should be minimized.

Prognostic Factors in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST): Could Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) be a New Prognostic Factor?

Abstract: OBJECTIVE To investigate factors that may affect prognosis in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). STUDY DESIGN A descriptive study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Karadeniz Technical University Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey from 2000 to 2019. METHODOLOGY All the patients diagnosed with GIST and followed-up in this centre were included. Those who were not followed-up in this centre were excluded. The Chi-square test for differences between variables in independent groups; and the Kaplan-Meier method for survival rates were used. RESULTS Median tumor size was larger in patients with recurrence, compared to those without (8cm vs. 5 cm, p <0.001). Recurrence rates were higher with mitosis ≥5 in 50 high-power-fields than with low mitosis (52.6% vs. 23.4%, p = 0.021). Median Ki-67 percentages were higher in patients with recurrence than without (5 vs. 2, p = 0.031). Recurrence rates were higher with necrosis and bleeding than without (57.7% vs. 14.3%, p = <0.001; 50% vs. 13.8%, p = 0.003). Median overall-survival (OS) was shorter in with mitotic counts ≥5 compared to <5 (52.0 vs. 110.0 months, p = 0.051) and with ulceration than without (36.0 vs. 110.0 months, p = 0.017). The groups below (<43.5) and above (>43.5) the median prognostic-nutritional-index (PNI) value were similar in terms of OS and disease-free survival (DFS) (52 vs. 70 months, p = 0.174; 82 vs. 100 months, p = 0.411). Median DFS was shorter with ulceration than without (27 vs. 100 months, p = 0.048). CONCLUSION While necrosis, bleeding, ulceration, mitosis, size, and Ki-67 significantly affect the prognosis in GIST, PNI has no significant effect. Key Words: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), Survival, Prognosis, Recurrence, Prognostic Nutrition Index (PNI).

Assessment of Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Potential of Effluents from Bahir Dar Tannery Using Allium cepa

Abstract: Tannery effluent plays a significant role in increasing pollution in the environment; in particular, it contains toxic heavy metals which cause toxic effects on plant genetic materials. Among tannery effluent chemicals, chromium and lead have cytotoxicity and genotoxicity potentials on Allium cepa. This investigation was undertaken to assess the physicochemical properties of tannery wastewater and their effect on the genetic materials of A. cepa. Effluent’s physicochemical characteristics were investigated using digital instruments for direct measurement and standard methods of atomic absorption spectrophotometer colorimetric analysis. A series of six onion bulbs were grown in 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% concentrations of wastewater (v/v) ratio, and root tips from each onion bulb were cut and processed for analysis by aceto-orcein squash technique. Most of effluent components were above the discharge limit standards set by Federal Environmental Protection Agency and Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority. The cytotoxicity effect on the root growth showed a significant reduction at high concentration. Simple regression analysis showed that the results of mitotic index were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in different concentrations. A decrease in mitotic index with increasing concentration of the effluent was observed. The effluent had induced chromosomal abnormalities such as laggard, fragmentation, stickiness, bridge, micronucleus, and binucleated and morphologically changed nuclei in A. cepa root cells among others. The results showed that cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and chromosomal aberrations were induced by the tannery effluent. Industries shall think of biological waste treatment methods.

Association of tumor molecular factors with in‐transit metastasis in primary cutaneous melanoma

Abstract: In‐transit metastases (ITM) are a form of locoregional relapse representing intralymphatic metastatic spread and occur in approximately 4–9% of patients with melanoma >1 mm Breslow thickness. Our objective was to evaluate a combination of clinicopathologic risk factors and gene expression biomarkers predictive of ITM risk.

Study on Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Potential of Bulgarian Rosa damascena Mill. and Rosa alba L. Hydrosols—In Vivo and In Vitro

Abstract: The Rosa alba L. and Rosa damascena Mill. growing in Bulgaria are known for their extremely fine essential oil and valuable hydrosols. Irrespectively of its wide use in human life, little research exists on the cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of the hydrosols. This set our goal to conduct cytogenetic analyses to study these effects. A complex of classical cytogenetic methods was applied in three types of experimental test systems—higher plant in vivo, ICR mice in vivo, and human lymphocytes in vitro. Mitotic index, PCE/(PCE + NCE) ratio, and nuclear division index were used as endpoints for cytotoxicity and for genotoxicity—induction of chromosome aberrations and micronuclei. Rose hydrosol treatments range in concentrations from 6% to 20%. It was obtained that both hydrosols did not show considerable cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. These effects depend on the type of the tested rose hydrosols, the concentrations applied in the experiments, and the sensitivity and specificity of the test systems used. Human lymphocytes in vitro were the most sensitive to hydrosols, followed by higher plant and animal cells. Chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus assays suggested that R. damascena and R. alba hydrosols at applied concentrations possess low genotoxic risk. Due to the overall low values in terms of cytotoxic and/or genotoxic effects in all test systems, hydrosols are promising for further use in various areas of human life.

Phytotoxicity and cytogenetic action mechanism of leaf extracts of Psidium cattleyanum Sabine in plant bioassays.

Abstract: The search for more environmental friendly herbicides, aiming at the control of agricultural pests, combinated with less harmfulness to human health and the environment has grown. An alternative used by researchers is the application of products of secondary plant metabolism, which are investigated due to their potential bioactivities. Thus, species belonging to the Myrtaceae family are potential in these studies, since this family is recognized for having high biological activity. A species belonging to this genus is Psidium cattleyanum, which has a medicinal effect and its fruits are used in human food. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate and compare the phyto-cyto-genotoxicity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of the specie P. cattleyanum, from plant bioassays, as well as to identify the main classes of compounds present in the extracts. For this, the extracts were prepared, characterized and biological tests were carried out by evaluating, in seeds and seedlings of lettuce and sorghum, the variables: percentage of germination, germination speed index, root growth and aerial growth; and in meristematic lettuce cells the variables: mitotic phases, mitotic index, nuclear alterations and chromosomal alterations. Flavones, flavonones, flavonols, flavononols, flavonoids, alkaloids, resins, xanthones and anthraquinone glycoside were characterized in the ethanolic extract. Both evaluated extracts, in the highest concentration, inhibited the initial plant development. All treatments caused alterations in the mitotic phases and inhibited mitotic index. In addition, the treatments promoted an increase in nuclear and chromosomal alterations. The mechanism of action presented was aneugenic, clastogenic and determined in epigenetic alterations. The ethanolic extract was more cytotoxic, since it had a more expressive effect at a lower concentration. Despite the cytotoxicity of the extracts under study, they promoted alterations at lower levels than the glyphosate positive control.

Screening the toxicity profile and genotoxicity mechanism of excess manganese confirmed by spectral shift

Abstract: In this study, the toxicity induced by excessive doses of manganese (MnCl2), which is one of the essential trace elements for the continuation of the metabolic activities of the organisms, was investigated with the help of the Allium test. Toxicity was investigated by using physiological (percent germination, root length, weight gain), cytogenetic [mitotic index (MI), micronucleus (MN), chromosomal abnormalities (CAs)], biochemical [malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT)] and anatomical (root tip meristematic cell damage) parameters. Allium cepa L. bulbs were divided into four groups as one control and three treatments. The control group was germinated with tap water, and the treatment groups were germinated with 250, 500 and 1000 µM doses of MnCl2. The germination process was continued for 72 h without interruption. At the end of the period, the root tips were collected, washed in distilled water and made ready for microscopic and spectrophotometric analyzes with the help of routine preparation techniques. As a result, the highest germination percentage, root length, weight gain and MI, and the lowest MN frequency, CAs numbers, MDA level, SOD and CAT enzyme activities were determined in the control group (group I). MnCl2 exposure caused a decrease in physiological parameter values and an increase in cytogenetic (except MI) and biochemical parameter values, depending on the dose. MnCl2 exposure induced MN and CAs such as fragment, sticky chromosome, vagrant chromosome, unequal distribution of chromatin and bridge. This genotoxic effect of MnCl2 was associated with DNA-MnCl2 interaction, and this interaction was also confirmed by bathochromic and hypochromic shifts in spectral analysis. Anatomical damages such as epidermis cell damage, flattened cell nucleus, cortex cell damage and cortex cell wall thickening were observed after MnCl2 treatment. As a result, it has been determined that excessive doses of the trace element Mn cause physiological, cytogenetic, biochemical and anatomical toxicity and A. cepa test material is a reliable bio-indicator in determining this toxicity.

Antiproliferative Effects of Curcumin Different Types of Breast Cancer

Abstract: Objective: Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancy among women. Turmeric is isolated from Curcuma longa. Curcumin is main curcuminoid of the turmeric which is a member of Zingiberaceae. In this current study antiproliferative effects of curcumin were investigated in luminal A breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Methods: For this purpose cell viability, cell index values by xCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analysis DP instrument, mitotic index and apoptotic index analysis were used. Results: Cell viability and cell index values showed that 75 µM concentration of curcumin was IC50 concentration. When IC50 concentration was applied to both cell lines, a significant decrease was observed in the mitotic index values, while a significant increase was observed in the apoptotic index values (p<0.05). Conclusion: Curcumin, which has antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells, is thought to be effective in cancer treatment.