Showing papers on "Partial oxidation published in 1983"

Gas sensor and method of using same

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor (10) capable of determining the partial pressure of various gases (e.g., CO, CO2, H2S, alcohol vapors, hydrocarbons, NOx, etc.) and, optionally, substantially concurrently, but independently, oxygen content in gases and liquids. The sensor (10) measures the amount of chemisorbent species formed either electrochemically by partial reduction (such as "Reduced-CO2" in the case of CO2) or partial oxidation (in the case of alcohol) or non-electro-chemically via specific adsorption (in the case of CO and hydrocarbons) on platinum or other metals. The charge required to oxidize this chemisorbed species is proportional to the amount of adsorbate on the electrode surface which is made a reproducible and reliable function of the partial pressure of the gas to be measured. By the proper selection of the sensor (10) construction and electrical parameters, high sensitivity, fast response time, and high selectivity can be obtained.

Process for producing hydrogen-rich gas from hydrocarbonaceous feeds

Abstract: Autothermal Reforming and Processes Utilizing the Same. The technical field of the invention concerns the production from hydrocarbonaceous feeds of hydrogen-rich gases and use of the same in various synthesis operations. An autothermal reforming process, as illustrated in Figure 2 of the drawings, comprises carrying out partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous feed by introducing an oxidant gas (e.g., air), steam and hydrocarbonaceous feed (e.g., a hydrocarbon) into an apparatus (24), as illustrated in detail in Figure 3, which contains a catalytic partial oxidation section (24a). A monolithic catalyst (27) comprising palladium and platinum and, optionally, rhodium, distended upon a stabilized alumina wash-coat is contained within section (24a). At least one half by weight of the hydrocarbonaceous feed is catalytically oxidized in section (24a) at a high throughput rate to produce a heated effluent suitable for further processing, such as being passed through a steam reforming catalyst (31) contained in section (24b) of apparatus (24). The hydrogen-rich gas thus obtained may be used as is or further processed for use as a synthesis gas for methanol or ammonia synthesis, or for the synthesis of normally liquid hydrocarbons or synthetic natural gas.

Electrogenerative partial oxidation of organic compounds

Abstract: This invention provides an electrochemical process for electrogenerative partial oxidation of methyl-substituted hydrocarbons such as ethane, propylene and toluene. Ethane is oxidized to products such as acetaldehyde and acetic acid, and propylene converts to acrolein and acrylic acid.

Increasing the cetane number of diesel fuel by partial oxidation _

Abstract: The invention provides a method for increasing the cetane number of a low hydrogen content, highly aromatic distillate fuel by subjecting it to catalytic partial oxidation. Catalysts employed include transition metal oxides alone or in conjuction with alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds. Partial oxidation in accordance with the method of this invention not only results in cetane number improvement, but also allows a higher concentration of aromatic substituents in the fuel blend.

Process for generating synthesis gas

Abstract: Synthesis gas is generated by partial oxidation and by catalytic endothermal steam reforming operated in parallel thereto. The amount of heat required for steam reforming is taken at least in part from the synthesis gas.

Method for desulfurization, denitrification and oxidation of carbonaceous fuels

Abstract: A method for desulfurization, denitrification, and oxidation, of carbonaceous fuels including a two stage oxidation technique. The carbonaceous fuel, containing ash, along with an oxygen-containing gas is introduced into a first stage partial oxidation unit containing a molten ash slag maintained at a temperature of about 2200°-2600° F. A flux may also be introduced into the first stage partial oxidation unit for the purpose of increasing the basicity and maintaining the viscosity of the molten ash slag at a value no greater than about 10 poise. The carbonaceous fuel is gasified, and sulfur is chemically bound and captured in the molten ash slag. Since the first stage is operated in a gasification mode (reducing atmosphere), essentially all of the nitrogen in the fuel is converted to diatomic nitrogen, which results in low nitrogen oxide emissions upon final combustion. The first stage is also designed to physically remove a major portion of the fuel ash, the ash leaving the system as a molten slag. The combustible gas derived from partial oxidation (gasification) is directed along a substantially horizontal path to a second stage oxidation unit for final combustion. The sulfur-containing molten slag is removed to a water-sealed quench system or indirect water cooled system for disposal.

Method for recovery of mineral resources

Abstract: A method for the recovery of mineral resources, such as metallic minerals, petroleum, etc., from solid materials, such as subsurface earth formations, including; partially burning a hydrogen-containing fuel in the presence of an oxidizing agent under conditions to produce partial oxidation products, such as alcohols, hydrogen peroxide, aldehydes, ketones, etc., terminating the burning to prevent decomposition of the partial oxidation products and contacting the solid materials with the partial oxidation products and contacting the solid materials with the partial oxidation products and an alkaline or acidic material.

Kinetic isotope effect in the partial oxidation of propylene over bismuth(III) oxide

Abstract: The allyl radical production during the partial oxidation of propylene and propylene-d/sub 6/ over Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/ has been examined. Radicals were produces on a Bi/sub 2/O/sub 3/ catalyst, over the temperature range of 365-475/sup 0/C, and trapped downstream in a solid argon matrix. The radical concentrations were determined by EPR spectroscopy and from these measurements the activation energies and kinetic isotope effects were calculated. The kinetic isotope effect results indicate that allyl radical formation is the rate-limiting step in the partial oxidation of propylene at moderate temperatures.

Environmentally safe process for disposing of toxic inorganic CN-containing sludge

Abstract: Toxic inorganic CN-containing sludge as produced by treating at least a portion of the water used to quench cool and/or scrub (46, 49, 52, 75) the hot raw effluent gas stream from a partial oxidation gasifier with a ferrous salt and a base may be disposed of by separating the inorganic CN-containing sludge from the water and introducing the sludge (21-23) into the partial oxidation gas generator (1) in admixture with the hydrocarbonaceous fuel feed (14, 16). Most of the cyanides are effectively destroyed in the reaction zone, and the ash components in the waste solids are recovered as slag from the generator. The separated water is upgraded by further treatment and recycled (21) to the quench tank and/or gas scrubber. The subject process provides an environmentally safe solution for the otherwise costly problem of disposing of toxic sludge. When coal is included in the feed to the gas generator, any calcium in the sludge will act as a fluxing agent for the coal ash. A more fluid slag having a lower ash-fusion temperature is obtained. Because the partial oxidation gasifier may be run at a lower temperature while still producing molten slag, oxygen requirements may be reduced.

Effect of interface mass transfer on the liquid-phase oxidation of acetaldehyde

Abstract: Partial oxidation of acetaldehyde by oxygen in the liquid phase was studied in the temperature range from −10 °C to 34 °C, oxygen flow rate from 90 to 100 mL/min, concentration of acetaldehyde from 3.0 to 34.0 volume percent, and at different partial pressures of oxygen. Cobalt acetate was used as catalyst. It was found that the reaction rate was governed by two types of rate equations depending on the operating conditions as well as the loading of catalyst.In the region of higher oxygen mass transfer, the ratewhere K1 = 6.9 × 10−3 L mol−1 s−1 at the temperature −10 °C.In other conditions,where k2 = 5.7 × 10−4 mol L−1 atm−1 s−1, and is a pseudo rate constant which depends on the dispersion of oxygen in the reactor. The experimental results appeared to support a theoretical analysis. The key reaction steps of the reaction mechanisms were also identified.

Influence of Cobalt On the Textural, Redox and Catalytic Properties of Stoichiometric Vanadium Phosphate

Abstract: The influence of coprecipitated cobalt on the catalytic, redox and textural properties of βVPO5 is reported. Four catalysts were prepared in which the Co/V ratio was varied between 0 and 0.05 and the P/V ratio was held at unity. Cobalt strongly reduced the surface area of βVPO5 and diminished reactivity toward hydrogen was observed as a monotonous feature as the cobalt content increased. By contrast this material showed complex kinetic behaviour during reoxidation from reduced states. When reoxidation was confined to surface layers a maximum in rate was observed for Co/V ratios of ca. 0.02. Bulk reoxidation was strongly sensitive to small amounts of cobalt but it was independent of cobalt content above Co/V = 0.01. Results of catalytic testing for n-butane partial oxidation to maleic anhydride indicate that conversion was at a maximum for the undoped material but selectivity showed an optimum value for Co/V of ca. 0.02. Above this value a sharp drop in selectivity was observed. A strong increase in areal reoxidisability was observed for Co/V above 0.02. X.P.S. data indicated that some surface segregation of cobalt had occured for Co/V = 0.05. Two domains of influence by cobalt on the catalytic activity of βVPO5 were identified; one in which it influenced the solid state properties and increased selectivity, the other in which a surface enrichment in cobalt provoked total oxidation of n-butane.

Generation of microorganism control composition and use thereof

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, microorganisms are controlled in a body of fluid, particularly an aqueous fluid containing such microorganisms, by burning a hydrogen-containing fuel in the presence of an oxidizing agent under conditions sufficient to produce partial oxidation products, containing significant amounts of at least one compound capable of controlling microorganisms, such as hydrogen peroxide and aldehydes controlling the burning step to prevent significant decomposition of the thus produced partial oxidation products and the formation of products of complete combustion therefrom by controlling the burning step by selecting at least one of the type of hydrogen-containing fuel, the fuel/oxidizing agent equivalence ratio, the temperature, the pressure and the residence time, preferrably the residence time by introducing a quench medium, particularly water, into the partial oxidation products, to produce an effluent containing said partial oxidation products containing including at least one compound capable of controlling microorganisms and contacting the body of fluid with the effluent. In one specific aspect of the present invention, all or part of the body of fluid to be treated is utilized as a quench medium to terminate the burning. In yet another specific aspect of the present invention, oil is displaced from an oil-bearing subsurface earth formation with water by generating the microorganism control material containing effluent as stated above, and utilizing the thus generated effluent to treat the water.

Selectivity of Partial Hydrocarbon Oxidation

Abstract: This review of the selectivity of catalysts in the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons principally embraces those papers published from 1977 to 1982. Partial oxidation is shown to occur by the redox mechanism involving the structural oxygen of the solid oxide catalyst. The hydrocarbon molecule interacts with the oxide surface to form a relatively weakly bound allylic, or some other, dehydrogenated complex. The weakly bound hydrocarbon diffuses towards the active site where it reacts with the structural oxygen. The oxygen diffuses to the active site through the solid catalyst. The highest activity is displayed by polyphasic multicomponent catalysts, the different phases accelerating individual stages of catalysis with possible diffusion of intermediates from one phase (one group of active sites) to the other. Non-equilibrium phases can be stabilized during catalysis; and a crystallo-chemical conformity between the constituents of the complex catalyst phases is essential for stabilization.

Liquefaction of coal

Abstract: Coal or similar solid carbonaceous fuels are liquefied by catalytic hydrogenation of coal-liquid hydrocarbon oil slurries with a hydrogen-rich gas. Both the liquid hydrocarbon slurrying oil and the hydrogen-rich gas are derived in the process. Noxious hydrogen-containing purge and vent gases and optionally high ash-containing bottoms from a vacuum fractionator are used as feed to a partial oxidation gas generator to produce synthesis gas from which the hydrogen-rich gas is derived.

The Ullmann condensation reaction of haloanthraquinone derivatives with amines in aprotic solvents. V. The formation of active catalyst by the partial oxidation of copper(I) with molecular oxygen.

Abstract: Although copper(I) is a more effective catalyst than copper(II) in the Ullmann condensation reaction of haloanthraquinones with ethylenediamine in aprotic solvents under a nitrogen atmosphere, the oxidation products of copper(I) by molecular oxygen enhanced the reaction rate compared to copper(I) catalyst. From the studies on the effect of Cu(II) salt addition to Cu(I) salt, solvent effects, and ESR spectra, it was concluded that alkoxycopper(II) species, formed by the oxidation of Cu(I) with molecular oxygen in alcohol–ethylenediamine solution, acted cooperatively with Cu(I) to increase the catalytic activity. The idea was also supported by the fact that the condensation was remarkably accelerated by the combination of Cu(I) and chloromethoxycopper(II). Reaction pathways including the alkoxo and halogen bridged Cu(I)···Cu(II) mixed valence complex are proposed and discussed.

Production of carbon black having high electrical conductivity

Abstract: PURPOSE: To produce carbon black having excellent electrical conductivity, and suitable especially for dry cell, from the high-conductivity carbon obtained as a by-product in the production of synthetic gas by the partial oxidation of a liquid hydrocarbon, by drying and heating the conductive carbon under a specific condition CONSTITUTION: The high-conductivity carbon obtained as a by-product in the production of a synthetic gas by the partial oxidation of a liquid hydrocarbon (preferably having a C/H weight ratio of ≥12, eg ethylene heavy end, etc) in a furnace in the presence of molecular oxygen and steam, is dried in nitrogen atmosphere at 300W900°C preferably for 05W3hr to attain a water-content of preferably ≤05wt% The dried product is heated in an inert gas atmosphere (eg N 2 , Ar, etc) at 1,000W3,000°C, preferably 1,500W2,500°C for 05W5hr to obtain the objective carbon black COPYRIGHT: (C)1985,JPO&Japio

Deposition Of Ternary Oxides As Active Components By Impregnation Of Porous Carriers

Abstract: The ternary oxide coppermanganate is generated in highly dispersed form in the pores of inert α-Al 2 O 3 carriers by impregnation with a viscous solution containing both metals, drying and calcination. Kinetic data for this catalyst in the total oxidation of CO are compared with similar catalysts containing only CuO, MnO or CuO together with MnO as separate crystallites. In the case of ironmolybdate it is also possible to obtain crystallites of the ternary phase in the pores of α-alumina by way of impregnation, either with solutions containing ammoniummolybdate and ironnitrate or with the solution of ironmolybdate in a mixture of monoethanolamine and water. Properties of both types of catalysts and of catalysts consisting of pure ironmolybdate are compared, focusing on the selectivity in the partial oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde.

Catalysts for the production of maleic anhydride

Abstract: Catalysts useful for the partial oxidation of non-aromatic hydrocarbons, particularly n-butane, with molecular oxygen or a molecular oxygen-containing gas in the vapor phase to produce maleic anhydride are provided which comprise mixed oxides of phosphorus and vanadium. The catalysts are highly effective in that they exhibit a weight/weight productivity of at least 70 grams of maleic anhydride per kilogram of catalyst per hour.

Reformer of hydrocarbon fuel

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the efficiency of reforming of hydrocarbon into inorg. gas in the titled apparatus by attaching heaters for heating a gaseous mixture contg. hydrocarbon and a reforming catalyst body to a cover for exchanging the catalyst body placed opposite to the catalyst body so as to heat almost uniformly the gaseous mixture and the catalyst body. CONSTITUTION:Heaters 12 are heated to a prescribed temp. such as 800-850 deg.C, and a gaseous mixture of hydrocarbon with air is fed 4 to a reformer 1 and slightly preheated by the remaining heat of the heaters 12 during passing through a path 5. The preheated gaseous mixture is further preheated during passing through a gap 20 and the space around the heaters 12 fixed with angle iron 13. Once the preheated gaseous mixture reaches a reforming catalyst body 6 preheated with the heaters 12, it initiates reforming reactions including the partial oxidation of the hydrocarbon with the air. Since the oxidation is an exothermic reaction, the mixture is required to be heated to the reaction temp. only at the beginning by supplying an electric current to the heaters 12. The gaseous mixture is reformed into inorg. gas contg. H2 and CO2 as principal components, and the resulting gas is passed through an outlet 8, stored once in a gas holder, and used.

Partial oxidation of solid fuel/water slurry

Abstract: PURPOSE:To uniformly atomize solid fuel slurry in a furnace and to make a prolonged stable operation possible without causing trouble of clogging a burner, by mixing oxygen-free gas for admixture with a solid fuel/water slurry and supplying the mixture to the burner, in the titled partial oxidation CONSTITUTION:In producing a synthetic gas (mixed gas rich in carbon monoxide and hydrogen) by injecting oxygen-rich gas and fuel/water slurry into a gasifier followed by partial oxidation of the latter, the fuel/water slurry is mixed with oxygen-free gas (gas for admixture) and then supplied to a burner It is pref to use as said solid fuel/water slurry one of about 50-75wt% concn and of <=about 1,000cp viscosity, and to be mixed with a mixing gas such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide in an amt of about 01-10ptsvol per vol of the slurry

Mechanism of the catalytic oxidation of o-xylene on active coals

Abstract: The o-xylene oxidation on coal at 573 K is shown to follow a parallel-consecutive mechanism and to involve weakly bonded oxygen adsorbed from the gas phase.

Peat combustion and enhancement by wet oxidation

Abstract: A new technique, using partial oxidation and wet carbonization pretreatments at low temperatures (190 C), is described for improving the dewatering characteristics of peat. Experimental evidence is presented that shows these pretreatment processes solubilize 10% of the peat as carbon, and a solid peat fuel is recovered after mechanical dewatering. The solubilized carbon exits the process as a filtrate that is biodegradable under anaerobic conditions with methane as a by-product. Some of the peat-processing methods summarized are: biogasification, wet oxidation, solar drying, solvent extraction, wet carbonization, and partial oxidation.

Gasifying method of heavy oil by fluid catalytic partial oxidation

Abstract: PURPOSE:To permit partial oxidation of heavy oil fractions at a lower temp., a less rate of oxygen consumption and a higher rate of gasification in a titled gasifying method by specifying the compsn. of catalysts. CONSTITUTION:Heavy oil fractions are brought into fluidized contact with gasifying agents at 800-1,000 deg.C and 1.0-10:1 total O atoms of the gasifying agents: the C atoms of the heavy oil fractions in the presence of fluidized bed catalysts contg. CaO deposited on alumina carriers and iron oxide as an assistant. Here, if the gasifying temp. for partial oxidation is below the lower limit, main reaction consists of a thermal decomposition and therefore essential components of tar and carbon are contained much and unsaturation components such as ethylene are increased in the formed gas. In excess of the upper limit, a secondary decomposition of the products is induced, by which carbon is formed and the consumption of O is increased. If the O atom/C atom ratio is below the lower limit, carbon deposits on the surfaces of the catalysts, the catalytic activity is decreased sharply, and unsaturated components are increased in the formed gas. In excess of the upper limit, the partial oxidation progresses so much that CO2 increases in the formed gas and a loss of energy is caused on account of an increase in the amt. of unreacted excess steam.

Partial oxidation of methane over supported molybdenum

Abstract: Steady-state activity (percent conversion) and selectivity for the Mo/silica gel catalyzed oxidation of methane to CH/sub 3/OH and CH/sub 2/O by N/sub 2/O in the presence of steam at 600/sup 0/C have been measured in order to define reaction kinetics and the mechanism of molybdenum catalysis. Both selective and non-selective oxidation occur in this system, the latter yielding carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Conversion yields of CH/sub 2/O are independent of H/sub 2/O partial pressure but selectivity for CH/sub 3/OH formation increases with increasing H/sub 2/O partial pressure. The rate law for CH/sub 4/ consumption is complex, being determined by non-selective oxidation and reduction reactions. Spectroscopic evidence indicates that the catalytic role of molybdenum involves a cyclic oxidation state change from the +5 state and back vial the +6 state. Tritiation occurs by the N/sub 2/O oxidation of Mo/sup V/ to yield (Mo/sup VI/O/sup -/) which either reacts with CH/sub 4/ to yield (Mo/sup V/(OCH/sub 3/)/sup -/) or is further reduced to (Mo/sup VI/O/sup -2/). The latter complex requires CH/sub 4/ for reduction to Mo/sup V/ in a non-selective process yielding CO/sub 2/ and H/sub 2/O.

Catalytic oxidation of organic compounds

Abstract: The production of quinones by partial oxidation of appropriate starting material requires severe conditions of high temperature and pressure over a period of several hours in order to obtain a commercially useful yield. The partial oxidation of organic compounds for example to produce quinones, can be conducted under mild conditions in a relatively short time by using as a catalyst a compound of the kind described in British Patent Specification No. 1436700, that is a composition which is the reaction product of a monosaccharide, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, or other water soluble polymer containing hydroxyl groups with a permanganate and which is incorporated therein ions other than manganese of one or more elements from periods 4, 5 and/or 6 of the periodic table, thorium, boron and/or aluminium, but said one or more elements not including ions of inert gases, halogens and chalconides, said incorporated ions being derived from a salt of said element added to the reaction product.