Showing papers on "Plural published in 1991"

Plural and Conflicting Values.

Abstract: SECTION I: Plurality and choice Monism, pluralism, and conflict Conflict Maximization Ought and can Act and agent evaluations SECTION II: Akrasia: The unity of the good, commensurability, and comparability Courage, the doctrine of the mean, and the possibility of emotional and evaluative coherence Dirty hands and ordinary life Dirty hands and conflicts of value and desires in Aristotle's ethics Friendship and morality: some difficult relations Some problems with counter-examples in ethics

Marking in discourse: “Birds of a feather”

Abstract: Subject/verb agreement and subject/predicate adjective agreement in spoken Brazilian Portuguese are subject to a parallel processing effect, such that marking leads to further marking and lack of marking leads to further lack of marking. For example, semantically plural verb tokens preceded by marked plural subjects in the same clause or other marked verb tokens with the same subject in the preceding discourse are more likely to be explicitly marked for plural than similar tokens preceded by unmarked subjects or verbs. This phenomenon is in direct contradiction to the principle of linguistic economy, since marking tends to occur precisely in those contexts in which it is most highly redundant and could therefore be discarded with no loss of information. Furthermore, the marking of successive plural tokens cannot be considered statistically independent events, since the outcome of previous marking decisions effects future marking. We propose that the parallel processing principle is a universal of language use.

Variation in interlanguage morphology

Abstract: Contents: Chinese - English as second language - Interlanguage - Morphology - Plural - Research-methods - Second-language-acquisition - Variation.

Comprehending Conceptual Anaphors

Abstract: English pronouns must agree with their antecedents in number. But in some situations, pronouns violate this constraint, as in “I think I'll order a frozen margarita. I just love them.” Three situations are identified in which such violations occur: (1) Plural (and technically illegal) pronouns are used to refer to frequently or multiply occurring items or events (as opposed to a unique item/event); (2) plural pronouns are used to refer to generic types (as opposed to a specific token); and (3) plural pronouns are used to refer to animate members of a collective set (as opposed to an individual member of a set). When sentences contained illegal, plural pronouns that referred to multiple items/events, generic types or collective sets, they were rated more natural (Experiment 1) and comprehended more rapidly (Experimcnt 2) than when the same sentences contained legal, singular pronouns. But when the sentences contained legal, singular pronouns and referred to unique items/events, specific tokens or ...

Acquisition of the plural morpheme : a case study

Abstract: We analyzed data from a comprehensive, systematically conducted diary study of one child's early lexical development to provide a comprehensive account of the acquisition of the plural morpheme. Correct forms and errors of both commission and omission were recorded from age 18 to 30 months, and all entries contained information about the quality of the produced utterance, the referent, the adult response, and the context.

Computer for Simultaneously executing plural instructions

Abstract: A computer for simultaneously executing plural instructions. A decision means determines the types of operation and the possibility of simultaneous execution for the plural instructions when they are read out from the main memory (1) to the cache memory (3). The result of this determination is called a decision result. The plural instructions and decision result are stored in the cache memory (3). The decision process is performed for several subsets of the plural instructions read out from the main memory (1) to the cache memory (3) in order. Then, the plural instructions are respectively assigned to corresponding operation units according to the decision result and executed. As a result of this arrangement, the repeated decision process for the plural instructions need not be repeated each time the instructions are read out from the cache memory (3) to the operation unit.

Grammatical vs. lexical plural formation in hebrew

Abstract: Hebrew plural formation is traditionally viewed äs an inflectional gram· matical process. Its productivity in categories such äs adjectives and participles places it within grammar, where the grammatical gender determines the Suffixes and the phonological changes, e.g. gadol-gdolim / gdolot *big (sg.mpl.m/pl.f)*, melamed melamdim / melamdot 'teach(er) (sg.m-pl.m/pl.f)'. However, noun pluralization places the inflectional process in the lexicon for reasons such äs: a. the grammatical gender does not necessarily determine the plural suffix, e.g. gir girim 'chalk-s (m, sg/pl)', kir kirot 'wall-s (m, sg/pl)'; b. certain semantic features seera to prevent pluralization of some nouns, but not exclusively, e.g. 'ademet (?*) 'adamot 'rubella (f, sg/*pl)', but nazelet nazalot 'head cold-s (f, sg/pl)'); c. although semantically restricted, some abstract nouns can be pluralized. Nevertheless, they are phonetically prohibited when the singular ends in +iyut. The article gives a füll description of the plural formation in Hebrew and suggests the lexical layer solution in which relating each word into the appropriate lexical layer will endorse the application of either a restricted lexical rule or a general grammatical rule, hence bridging between the Weak vs. Strong Lexicalist Hypothe

On Suppletion, Selection, and Agreement

Abstract: In Hopi and Papago, Uto-Aztecan languages of the American Southwest, some verbs occur in suppletive pairs for number. The members of such pairs are selected in accordance with the number category associated with a direct argument of the verb — i.e., the subject or object. In Hopi, the number category relevant to verbal suppletion may be expressed as the feature opposition [± plural].

Data multiplexing and separation method

Abstract: The invention is a data multiplexing and separation method. It takes a plural number of timing data from memory that stores the plural number of timing data so as to detect bit positions on frame data signals on which bits respectively affiliated with a plural number of data are arranged. The plural number of timing data is used as the basis to arrange data to the frame data signal by successively arranging bits respectively affiliated with the plural number of data to the frame data signal so that the plural number of data is multiplexed to the frame data signals. And also it extracts a plural number of data from frame data signals by successively taking bits respectively affiliated with multiplexed the plural number of data from the frame data signals on the basis of the plural number of timing signals, and extracts a plural number of the multiplexed data from the frame data signals.

Radiation diagnostic device

Abstract: PURPOSE: To provide the radiation diagnostic device which can obtain an image containing information expressing the difference of the existent amounts of materials composing a patient. CONSTITUTION: This device is provided with a means to obtain plural images obtained by radiating radioactive rays having the plural kinds of energy to a patient and an average absorption coefficient corresponding to the plural materials composing the patient P and the plural kinds of energy, and an arithmetic part 10 to calculate the existent amounts of the plural materials for each picture element based on the plural images and the average absorption coefficient. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO&Japio

Plural Rationalities: The Rudiments of a Practical Science of the Inchoate

Abstract: 1. Environmental debates reflect the existence of plural rationalities; sets of convictions about the nature of the world we live in that are fundamentally contradictory and that generate different definitions both of the environmental problems we face and of the solutions that are available to us. 2. These rationalities are linked to particular forms of social organisation — markets, hierarchies, egalitarian groups and excluded margins — all of which, in varying strengths and patterns of alliance, are the inescapable features of any society. 3. To be effective, environmental decision making must take constructive account of these rationalities.

Voice recognition device

Abstract: PURPOSE: To stably detect an unknown word by correcting similarity so that the similarity can be compared on the same scale regardless of differences of a speaker and environment. CONSTITUTION: A comparative collation part 2 calculates the similarity of the feature vector of an input voice to plural standard patterns which are registered in advance. At this time, a standard pattern which gives a maximum value S of similarity is found as a recognition result. Simultaneously, a reference similarity calculation part 4 compares the feature vector V with the standard pattern formed by connecting unit standard patterns in a unit standard pattern storage part 3. Here, the maximum value of similarity is outputted as reference similarity R. Then a similarity correction part 5 uses the reference similarity R to correct the similarity S. COPYRIGHT: (C)1992,JPO&Japio

Democracy, Power, and the Economy in Myanmar: Donor Dilemmas

Abstract: Promulgation of a relationship between plural economic systems based on open markets and plural political systems involving the elective process is much in the contemporary limelight. Some important association between the two in parts of the world seems evident. Events in Eastern Europe, for example, demonstrate that at least among those societies the connection seems apparent, even if there is considerable debate about the antecedents, the sequencing of these trends, their causal connections (if any), their parallelism, and their timing and gestation periods. In other parts of the world, however, the correlation is less clear or temporal factors are far more divergent. China demonstrates that Western societies do not have a monopoly on their mutual influence, even if the relationship can be (perhaps temporarily) thwarted. Contemporary Vietnam and Laos, for example, indicate that the state may explicitly attempt to cleave politics and economics. Whether economic development and/or modernization require plural markets and polities, and if so when, is a subject of much contention. "Modernization," the less radical of the two concepts, implies the retention of existing political values and institutions, while "development" could restructure traditional norms. 1 Thus, continuation of traditional or existing relationships between economics and politics would be more likely under modernization than development. The relationships between eco-

Device and method for image processing

Abstract: PURPOSE:To facilitate the input of plural pieces of mask area information. CONSTITUTION:An area designation image with plural colors per picture is generated (S3, S4, and S5) by performing the color designation of plural mask areas by an operator. An area image is identified (S6) at every color from the area designation image, and a mask image is generated at every color, then, plural mask images can be obtained (S7). Mask processing can be performed (S11) by using the mask image. Thereby. since area designation can be performed by using plural colors on one picture, it is possible to designate the plural mask images without switching a display picture.

Reduplication in Lexical Phonology: Javanese Plural Reduplication

Abstract: The theory of Lexical Phonology organizes the lexicon into multiple ordered strata, pairing distinct groups of morphological affixes with distinct sets of phonological rules (Kiparsky (1982), Mohanan (1982,1986)). Individual lexical strata are schematically represented as in figure (1), where forms output from the lefthand side box (in which morphological affixation takes place) are submitted to the righthand side box (in which phonological rule application occurs), either cyclically or noncyclically:

Modal verbs in basque and head-movement

Abstract: * I am very grateful .to Itziar Laka, Howard Lasnik, Jon Ortiz de Urbina, Juan Uriagereka and Myriam Uribe-Etxebarria for interesting comments and discussion. This research has been economically supported by afellowship from the Department of Education, Universities and Investigation of the Basque Government. (1) I v.rilllimit the exa~ples to the verb nahi (want); however, the same basic facts hold, with some slight differences, of other verbs like behar (have to), ahal (can), ezin (cannot),... . (2) Following former works in the literature, I adopt the following conventions: A = Absolutive case; D = Dative case; E = Ergative case; PL = Plural number. -TZEA stands for the infinitival affix. As is well known, Basque inflection shows Agreement not orily with subjects but also with objects and indirect objects. This agreement is represented by assigning a number for the person (1 = first person, ... 4 = first person plwal, ... ) followed by the case to which it corresponds.

The Treatment of Plurality in L-LILOG

Abstract: This paper summarizes research concerning the incorporation of plural constructions into the LILOG text understanding system. The treatment of plurality is based on the first order system LP, first presented in [Link 1983]. The paper consists of two parts. After a very short review of the system LP, a translation is given from a version of LILOG's discourse representation language L Dis , containing plural constructions, into the formal language LLILOG, which, in turn, is extended by LP. This shows how it is possible for LILOG's inference machine, modified along the lines indicated, to deal with pluralic bits of knowledge that are realistic representations of a wide array of plural constructions in language. Since in the field of plural phenomena there seems to be some danger of proliferation of readings, particular emphasis has been laid on questions of vagueness and ambiguity.

Picture recognizing method

Abstract: PURPOSE:To independently recognize more than two same patterns caught by a camera for observation by changing a slice level in plural stages, generating plural binarization detection picture information, comparing the plural binarization detection picture information with the binarized information of a reference pattern and extracting the candidate of an optimum pattern. CONSTITUTION:In binarizing observed picture data, the data are binarized in advance by using the slice level in the plural stages and the plural detection picture information are prepared and compared with the binarized information, which has been registered in advance, concerning the reference pattern by a comparing and discriminating means. Then, one or plural detection picture information close to the reference pattern are extracted as candidate patterns by candidate extraction. Thus, when the pattern is recorded to a picture, the specified pattern can be securely and efficiently recognized without being affected by an environmental condition.

Number of visitors sensor

Abstract: PURPOSE:To correctly calculate the number of passing visitors by collecting the sense signals of plural infrared ray sensors arranged one-dimensionally, and sending them to a counter side by time-sharing them, and restoring them, and summing them by the addition value of a proper range by a counter means based on the correlation characteristic of one-dimensional arrangement. CONSTITUTION:When each of plural infrared ray sensors 2-1 to 2-8 arranged one-dimensionally and to detect temperature change detects the temperature change (passing of visitor) in some light receiving area because a visitor passes, it generates the sense signal, and the sense signals of the respective infrared ray sensors 2-1 to 2-8 are collected, and are sent to the counter 5 side by time- sharing them. At the counter 5 side, they are restored into the sense signals of the respective infrared ray sensors 2-1 to 2-8, and the number of the visitors passing alone or in plural number at a time is measured by the counter means 5 to summ the restored sense signals by the optimum addition value of the range from 1 to (n) as making the good use of the correlation of the characteristic of the one-dimensional arrangement. Thus, even at a wide place where plural visitors can pass at a time, the number of the passing visitors can be counted correctly.

Controller for robot

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide the controller for a robot which can flexibly cope with the change of the number of shafts and is low-priced in cost CONSTITUTION:In the controller for a robot constituted by separating at least one position control part 10 and plural speed control parts 12 corresponding to plural driving elements in order to control plural driving elements 6 such as a motor, the position control part 10 and plural speed control parts 12 are connected to a common memory 11 by one bus 15, the memory 11 classifies and stores the information necessary for each driving of plural driving elements 6, the information necessary for the position control which plural respective speed control parts 12 write in the memory 11 is read by the position control part 10, and the information necessary for the speed control which the position control part 10 writes in the memory 11 is read by plural respective speed control parts 12

Static type semiconductor storage device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To shorten the access time by equalizing separately a group containing each pair of a first plural pieces of complementary data line pairs or a pair of a second plural pieces being smaller than the first plural pieces. CONSTITUTION:This device is provided with a memory cell array divided into blocks BL containing the first plural pieces of complementary data line pairs l, and an equalizing means 30 for equalizing separately a group C containing each pair of the first plural pieces of complementary data line pairs l or a pair of the second plural pieces being smaller than the first plural pieces in each block BL. That is, in each of the memory cell arrays divided into the blocks BL, the first plural pieces of complementary data line pairs l contained therein are equalized separately at every pair or at every the second plural pairs. In such a way, the access time is shortened, and it does not occur that the access time becomes long due to an increase of the number of memory cells.

Disk reproducing device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To provide a disk reproducing device capable of being used simultaneously and individually by plural users with less space and economically. CONSTITUTION:Plural reproducers 12 and 13 and plural music selection controllers 26, 27, 36 and 37 are provided, the condition of a mode setting switch 14 is detected by the controllers 26 and 36 and when it is on a division reproducing mode, plural disks Da1 to Dbn are divided into plural groups DGa and DGb and reproduced respectively by plural reproducers and when it is on a common reproducing mode, the plural disks are commonly reproduced by the plural reproducers.

Time slot conversion circuit

Abstract: PURPOSE:To make the size of actual constitution small and to simplify the constitution even when lots of number of highways are employed by using a multi-port memory so as to set a line. CONSTITUTION:Multiplexer circuits 30, 32 apply time division multiplex to an input digital signal of plural highways and converts the signals into plural 1st multiplex signals, and a storage means 33 is provided with write address generating means 34 generating plural write addresses each of which is specific to each of plural sets of channel information subject to time division multiplex and plural read address generating means generating a readout address for each of plural sets of channel information. Then a storage means stores tentatively plural sets of channel information subject to in time division onto the plural 1st multiplex signals in write addresses via plural write ports and reads the information from the plural read pots according to the read address and gives the read information to demultiplex circuits, The demultiplex circuits 38, 39 demultiplex plural 2nd multiplex signals into an output digital signal on plural highways. Thus, even when lots of highways are employed, the constitution is not especially made large nor complicated.