Showing papers on "Primate published in 1981"
TL;DR: In this paper, howler monkeys (Aloutta palliata) and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), both primary consumers, were investigated by carrying out feeding trials to determine food passage rates and by examining selected aspects of gut morphology.
Abstract: Critical determinants of dietary choice in animals may be internal rather than external and hence not readily detected by field observation. Digestive strategies of two sympatric primate species, howler monkeys (Aloutta palliata) and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), both primary consumers, were investigated by carrying out feeding trials to determine food passage rates and by examining selected aspects of gut morphology. On the average, a given marker took 20.4 + 3.5 h to first appear in the feces of howler monkeys as contrasted with a mean of 4.4 + 1.5 h for spider monkeys. Gut morphology showed that howlers had colons approximately double the size of those of spider monkeys. Howler monkeys are highly folivorous while spider monkeys are primarily frugivorous. Yet leaves are generally low in nonstructural carbohydrates while fruits are low in protein. Howlers, with their capacious hindguts and slow food passage rates, are able to ferment refractory plant parts more efficiently than spider monkeys and in...
296 citations
TL;DR: The distribution of ganglion cells has been studied in the retinas of four primates: the prosimian bushbaby, the New‐World squirrel monkey, the Old‐World crab‐eating cynamolgous monkey, and the human to test for the presence in primates of retinal specializations such as the visual streak.
Abstract: The distribution of ganglion cells has been studied in the retinas of four primates: the prosimian bushbaby, the New-World squirrel monkey, the Old-World crab-eating cynamolgous monkey, and the human. The sizes of ganglion cell somas were also measured at a number of retinal locations and compared with similar measurements in the cat retina to test for the presence in primates of retinal specializations such as the visual streak, and for gradients in retinal structure, such as that between temporal and nasal retina. In all four primates, ganglion cell somas in peripheral retina ranged considerably in diameter (6-16 micrometer in the bushbaby, 8-22 micrometer in the squirrel monkey, 8-23 micrometer in the cynamolgous monkey, 8-26 micrometer in the human). It seems likely that the strong physiological correlates of soma size which have been described among cat retinal ganglion cells and among the relay cells of the macaque lateral geniculate nucleus are generally present in primates. In all four primates, evidence was also obtained of a visual streak specialization; the isodensity lines in ganglion cell density maps were horizontally elongated, and small-bodied ganglion cells were relatively more common in the region of the proposed streak than in other areas of peripheral retina. However, the visual streak seems less well developed than in the cat; among the four primate species examined it was best developed in the bushbaby, at least as assessed by the shape of the isodensity lines. All four primates showed a clear foveal specialization, but this feature seemed least developed in the bushbaby. At the fovea, ganglion cells are smaller in soma size than in peripheral retina; they also seemed more uniform in size, although some distinctly larger cells persist in the human and bushbaby. Soma size measurements also provided evidence of a difference between nasal and temporal areas of peripheral retina comparable to that reported for the cat and other species. Thus the primate retinas examined show features, such as the foveal specialization, which seem unique to them among mammals. They also show features, such as nasal-temporal differences in ganglion cell size, and (though weakly developed) a visual streak, which they have in common with other mammals with widely different phylogenetic histories.
201 citations
TL;DR: The anterior cingulate lesions severely disrupted both conditioned and spontaneous vocal behavior, but had no effect on nonvocal social behavior or on a discriminative conditioning task requiring a nonv vocal response.
126 citations
97 citations
TL;DR: It is argued that changes in rank position typically follow, rather than precede, changes in reproductive success in rhesus monkeys.
Abstract: The paternity of 202 of 220 offspring of rhesus monkeys housed in six separate half-acre field cages at the California Primate Research Center was determined by genetic marker techniques. Reproductive success of the adult males was statistically significantly correlated (r = 0.76, P <0.0005) with rank. Marked systematic changes in reproductive success were, however, observed for two adult males during the three years covered by this study. Based upon these results and those of another study, it is argued that changes in rank position typically follow, rather than precede, changes in reproductive success.
90 citations
TL;DR: The carcass composition from a subset of obese animals showed that fat content ranged from 18 to 40%, and that weight gain in males heavier than 800 g represents increasing proportions of fat.
Abstract: The squirrel monkey is usually a lean primate (5-10% fat) until the onset of the pubertal growth spurt at about 3 yr of age. This characteristic is generally maintained thereafter for animals fed c...
17 citations
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: Among the different primates perhaps the most thorough ontogenic data base exists for macaques, especially rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta), a great deal is known about how these monkeys develop socially in a variety of different rearing environments.
Abstract: Interest in the development of social behavior by young primates has generated considerable research effort over the past two decades. Social ontogeny has been studied in many primate species, both in the laboratory and in feral settings, and among the different primates perhaps the most thorough ontogenic data base exists for macaques, especially rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta). As a result, we presently know a great deal about how these monkeys develop socially in a variety of different rearing environments.
16 citations
TL;DR: The ultrastructure of the epididymis in several New and Old World monkeys has been compared with that of man to assess both the need and potential of different primates for studying human epididcyal function.
Abstract: To assess both the need and potential of different primates for studying human epididymal function, the ultrastructure of the epididymis in several New and Old World monkeys has been compared with that of man. Sexually mature monkeys of six species were used; three talapoin monkeys, two pig-tail macaques, one patas monkey, one capuchin, one spider monkey, and four common marmosets. Samples of human epididymis were obtained from men undergoing vasectomy. Tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy and observations were quantified using image analysis. The primate epididymis displayed several ultrastructural features not observed in other mammals. These included the presence of small membrane-bound granules in the infranuclear cytoplasm of principal cells, and a close association of blood capillaries with the basal lamina and mitochondria-rich cells. Differences were apparent in the number and volume of organelles in principal cells from different regions of the epididymis and between species. Epididymal tissue in man showed a much greater ultrastructural diversity than that of monkeys. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the need for an animal model for studying the primate epididymis.
15 citations
TL;DR: Restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic DNA indicated that many of the several hundred sequences related to MMC-1 in rhesus monkey DNA differed from that integrated into DNA of infected canine cells.
Abstract: Molecular hybridization studies were carried out by using a [3H]complementary DNA (cDNA) probe to compare the endogenous type C retrovirus of rhesus monkeys (MMC-1) with other known retroviruses and related sequences in various primate DNAs. The genomic RNA of the endogenous type C retrovirus of stumptail monkeys (MAC-1) was found to be highly related to the MMC-1 cDNA probe, whereas the other retroviral RNAs tested showed no homology. Related sequences were found in Old World monkey DNAs and to a lesser extent in gorilla dn chimpanzee DNAs. No homology was detected between MMC-1 cDNA and DNA of gibbon, orangutan, or human origin. Restriction endonuclease analysis of genomic DNA indicated that many of the several hundred sequences related to MMC-1 in rhesus monkey DNA differed from that integrated into DNA of infected canine cells. Gorilla and chimpanzee DNAs contained a specific restriction endonuclease fragment of the MMC-1 genome.
10 citations
TL;DR: An analysis of skulls from several primate species shows that a “worm-track” surface pattern, first identified in the brow region in fossil adult hominids and subsequently in olive baboons, chimpanzees, and macaques, is also present in numerous other species.
Abstract: An analysis of skulls from several primate species shows that a “worm-track” surface pattern, first identified in the brow region in fossil adult hominids and subsequently in olive baboons, chimpanzees, and macaques, is also present in numerous other species. Fine cancellous bone and its attendant vermiculate surface pattern have been observed in subadult and adult gelada baboons, gibbons, gorillas, and orangutans as well as in modern Homo sapiens and several Plio-Pleistocene fossil hominids. In contemporary primates, fine cancellous bone has been identified not only in the brow region, but also along the zygomatic arch, on the pterygoid plates, on the maxilla, along the temporal line, on the mastoid process, and in the region of inion. Given the widespread distribution of this trait, caution is advised when using it as a diagnostic indicator of the evolutionary or functional significance of craniofacial morphology.
10 citations
TL;DR: The results complemented other reports of the absence of the 'human' isoenzyme in lower primates and a number of other mammalian species, and suggested that the human placental iso- enzyme may have appeared relatively late in primate evolution.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In social groups of talapoin monkeys data are presented which demonstrate the dramatic effects that modifying the social group has on both behaviour and endocrine status of individual members of that group.
Abstract: Passive immunization of ovariectomized, oestrogen-treated female rhesus monkeys against testosterone reduced proceptivity and receptivity, effects partially reversed by subsequent treatment with 17α-methyltestosterone. These results lend support to the view that adrenal androgens, notably testosterone, are important determinants of sexual behaviour in this female primate. Neither induced hyper-prolactinaemia, nor LHRH with or without the dopamine agonist apomorphine consistently altered the sexual activity of male rhesus monkeys. In social groups of talapoin monkeys data are presented which demonstrate the dramatic effects that modifying the social group has on both behaviour and endocrine status of individual members of that group.
Book•
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: Social Organization of Tree Shrews, Brain, Sociobiology, and Evolution in Primates, and Parasitic Selection and Group Selection: A Study of Conflict Interference in Rhesus and Japanese Macaque Monkeys.
Abstract: Social Organization of Tree Shrews (Tupaia glis).- Social Behavior and Incest Mechanisms of Tree Shrews (Tupaia glis) Diard 1820.- Lemurine Social and Territorial Organization in a Northwestern Malagasy Forest (Restricted Area of Ampijoroa).- Factors Influencing Choice and Social Utilization of Resting Places in Captive Pottos (Perodicticus potto M.).- The Lateral Balancing of Handedness Tested in Slowly and Rapidly Moving Lorisidae.- Adaptive Strategies Adopted by a Free-Ranging Troop of Vervets When Placed in a Specially Designed Enclosed Environment.- Comparative Studies of Gregariousness and Social Structure Among Seven Feral Macaca fuscata Groups.- Behavioral Differences Between Feral Group-Reared and Mother-Reared Young Japanese Monkeys.- Effects of Prior Experience with Infants on Behavior Shown to Unfamiliar Infants by Nulliparous Rhesus Monkeys.- Studying Effects of Maternal Care in Rhesus Monkeys at Different Levels of Resolution.- Genetic, Maternal, and Environmental Influences on Social Development in Rhesus Monkeys.- Personality and Dominance Behavior in Stump-Tailed Macaques.- Natural and Dependent Rank of Female Crab-Eating Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Captivity.- Sexuality of Aging Monkeys (Macaca radiata).- Uses of Long-Range Calls During Ranging by Guinea Baboons.- On the Function of Allogrooming in Old-World Monkeys.- Problems in Representing Behavioral Space-Time.- Courtship and Mating Behavior of Wild Orangutans in Sumatra.- Responses of Wild Chimpanzees to Potential Predators.- Piagetian Assessment on Cognitive Development in Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes).- Brain, Sociobiology, and Evolution in Primates.- A Case of Male Adoption in a Troop of Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata fuscata).- Parasitic Selection and Group Selection: A Study of Conflict Interference in Rhesus and Japanese Macaque Monkeys.
TL;DR: Micro- and macroelectrode recording techniques fail to provide support for the existence of an important pathway from the cerebellum to the hippocampal formation in monkeys and preliminarily extend to a primate species previous results in rat and cat showing an inhibitory effect of raphe stimulation on hippocampal neurons.