Showing papers on "Professional development published in 1990"

The New Meaning of Educational Change

Abstract: Part I Understanding Educational Change 1. A Brief History of Educational Change 2. Sources of Educational Change 3. The Meaning of Educational Change 4. The Causes and Problems of Initiation 5. The Causes and Problems of Implementation and Continuation 6. Planning Doing and Coping with Change Part II Educational Change at the Local Level 7. The Teacher 8. The Principal 9. The Student 10. The District Administrator 11. The Consultant 12. The Parent and the Community Part III Educational Change at Regional and National Levels 13. Governments 14. Professional Preparation of Teachers 15. Professional Development of Educators 16. The Future of Educational Change

The Making of a Teacher: Teacher Knowledge and Teacher Education

Abstract: The training of teachers has increasingly been the focus of critical inquiry in the field of education: What qualifications should be demanded of those entering the teaching profession? This book examines this crucial issue with an in-depth comparison of the classroom approaches and effectiveness of two groups of secondary school English teachers. Three of the six teachers studied in this book are graduates of a professional education programme, the other three, while equally well versed in subject matter knowledge, entered teaching without professional training. The book reveals that those with a teacher education background were flexible, open to innovative methods, and better able to comprehend the student's perspective. Those without such experience tended to rely on teaching techniques borrowed from undergraduate and graduate courses, or on memories of their own schooling. "The Making of a Teacher" is aimed at those curious about the theory and practice of classroom teaching and the role of pedagogical content knowledge. It should serve as a supplemental text in teaching methods and curriculum courses - not only in secondary English, but in other subject areas as well. The book also offers useful insights in the areas of staff development and school improvement.

Transformational Leadership: How Principals Can Help Reform School Cultures

Abstract: Collaborative school cultures have been associated with the achievement of a number of school reform objectives for both teachers and students. Little is known, however, about how such cultures develop and whether or how school administrators can facilitate that process. This study examined the practices of administrators in each of 12 schools which had developed highly collaborative professional relationships over a three year period in the context of school improvement initiatives. Results suggest the feasibility of developing more collaborative school cultures in a relatively brief period of time and clarify the role played by the larger context of school improvement for fostering collaboration. Specific strategies used by the administrators are described. These strategies are associated with a concept of leadership termed “transformational”.

Reflective Pedagogical Thinking: How Can We Promote It and Measure It?

Abstract: The Collaboration for the Improvement of Teacher Education (CITE) is a pre-student teaching program that promotes students' reflective thinking about curriculum, methods, and sociopolitical issues ...

Changing Directions in the Practicum: looking ahead to the 1990s

Abstract: Recently reported innovations in the practicum in the United Kingdom, USA, Canada and Australia are discussed in relation to how well they address several obstacles to teacher learning that have been shown to be associated with the practicum. These innovations include the development of thematic teacher education programs, the articulation of an explicit practicum curriculum, the development of closer links between the practicum and specific college courses, extending the practicum to the community domain, locating the practicum in state schools (Professional Development Schools) which have a special role in teacher education, and viewing the practicum as a ‘cognitive apprenticeship’. These curricular reforms are discussed in terms of how they relate to two different conceptions of teaching as reflective practice. Following this analysis of recently reported curriculum reforms, it is argued that the improvement of the practicum in teacher education must involve more attention to the structural an...

The Formation of professions : knowledge, state and strategy

Abstract: Introduction - promotion and strategies of knowledge-based groups, Rolf Torstendahl changing conceptions in the sociology of the professions, Randall Collins in the matter of experts and professionals, or how impossible it is to leave nothing unsaid, Magali Sarfatti Larson knowledge as a professional resource - case studies of architects and psychologists at work, Lennart G.Svensson proletarianization or bureaucratization - the fall of the professional?, Charles E.McClelland the welfare state, the professions and citizens, Margareta Bertilsson professional education in a comparative context, Tony Becher the knowledge aspect of professionalization - the case of science-based nursing education in Sweden, Aant Elzings the Swedish veterinary profession and the Swedish state, Inga Hellberg technical and political knowledge - the relationship of lawyers and other law professions to the market and the sate, Lucien Karpik.

A biographical study of the life-span development of professional musicians.

Abstract: A group of 165 Polish professional musicians ranging in age from 21 to 89 was interviewed in 1976-80. The research was designed as a longitudinal exploratory study of the life-span development of professional musicians and musical talents. The purpose of the study was to collect empirical data about the life course of the professional musicians and to learn about the structure of the musician's life (its stages and dimensions), as well as about the factors influencing the development and achievement of professional musicians in different stages of life, and different fields of music.The results suggest that the professional development of the musicians is strongly influenced by both socio-cultural and biological factors.Content analysis of the collected biographies suggests that the family environment and intrinsic motivation for musical activitv are the factors most influencing musical development. This analysis also reveals the importance of teachers, colleagues and the socio-emotional support in the de...

Reflection and professional education: art, science, and competency.

Abstract: Reflection is the process of reviewing one's repertoire of clinical experience and knowledge to invent novel approaches to complex clinical problems. Reflection also provides data for self-evaluation and increases learning from experience. The author suggests several activities which are particularly useful in facilitating a reflective nursing practice. These activities may assist educators to encourage students' clinical competency.

Systematic Training of Graduate-Level Counselors Narrative and Meta-Analytic Reviews of Three Major Programs

Abstract: This study reviews research on Carkhuff's Human Resource Training/Human Resource Development (HRT/HRD), Kagan 's Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR), and Ivey's Microcounseling (MC) programs, in all of which the trainees were graduate-level counselors. Both narrative and meta-analytic reviewing approaches were used. What has been accomplished thus far in each program is summed up, and future directions for training and research are suggested. All three programs were found effective overall with the meta-analysis categorizing the effects of HRT/HRD as large, of IPR as small, and of MC as a medium. Beyond overall effects; the narrative and meta-analytic reviews tended to focus on different variables, calling reviewer and reader attention to differing concerns and recommendations. It was concluded that there is more work to be accomplished with all three training programs when used with graduate-level counselors, and both methods of research integration should be understood for what they do and do not offer a...

Preparing Professionals to Serve Infants and Toddlers with Handicaps and Their Families: An Integrative Analysis across Eight Disciplines

Abstract: This article summarizes the status of, and recommendations for, preparation programs for early intervention personnel across eight disciplines. Surveys were conducted to determine the extent to which entry-level students in each discipline receive academic preparation and clinical experiences to provide services to infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families. Although considerable variability was found across disciplines, the average student receives little specialized information—practical knowledge—relative either to the infancy period or to working with families. Alternative strategies for improving infant personnel preparation are discussed and policy implications of each are addressed.

Rethinking the Regular Education Initiative Focus on the Classroom Teacher

Abstract: The first section of this essay reviews the forces that led to the Regular Education Inititative. Next, relevant findings from the research on school reform, innovation and change, and staff development are synthesized. Based on this research, a conceptual framework is developed that enables the reader to understand the factors necessary to create the type of meaningful, sustained change in classroom practice required by the Regular Education Initiative.

Mentoring and Adult Career Development The Evolution of a Theory

Abstract: Mentoring has become a buzz word among educational, professional, and corporate consultants charged with the task of socializing students into their professional identities (Bogat & Redner, 1985; Collins, Barrett, & Citrin, 1985; Obleton, 1984; O'Neil & Wrightsman, 1988) or securing the loyalties and optimizing the resources of talented young corporate employees (Hennecke, 1983; Klauss, 1981; Vernon-Gerstenfeld & Burke, 1985; Zey, 1984). Popular as well as academic audiences have been deluged with articles, books, presentations, and workshops touting the benefits and cautioning against the hazards of mentoring as a means to personal enhancement and/or career advancement. Counseling psychologists, in their roles as career counselors and educators, organizational consultants, and researchers need to understand the implications of this growing movement for the institutions and individuals they serve. This integrative review of theoretical and empirical literature on mentoring seeks to promote such an underst...

Collaborative Consultation in the Education of Mildly Handicapped and At-Risk Students:

Abstract: In this paper the authors describe collaborative consultation as a professional problem-solving process, as well as a service delivery option for educating mildly handicapped and at-risk students. They explain how collaborative consultation as a problem-solving process can be used in any of the various service delivery options described in this topical issue for mildly handicapped and at-risk students. Critical issues in developing collaborative educational support services are identified, and future applications of educational collaboration in the context of school reform are discussed.

Faculty development for family medicine educators: An agenda for future activities

Abstract: The literature on faculty development activities for family medicine educators is reviewed and presented in three sections: (a) overview of faculty development in family medicine, (b) fellowships, and (c) workshops and other short‐term programs. Although a wide variety of formats have been utilized for faculty development purposes in family medicine, most faculty development programs have been evaluated primarily on participant satisfaction rather than on observed changes in participant behavior when in the faculty role. As funds for family medicine faculty development programs disappear or decline, new strategies for maintaining the quantity and quality of family medicine educators must be developed. We suggestan agenda for future faculty development activities in family medicine. These activities include (a) initiation of faculty development training, including teaching and research skills, during residency training programs, (b) development of fourth‐year clinical fellow positions supported by clinical...

Quality In Teaching : Arguments For A Reflective Profession

Abstract: Part 1 The philosophical and social context of teaching: teaching and the idea of a social practice, Glenn Langford managerialism and morality - the corporate and the republican school, Fred Inglis bureaucratic rationality and the promise of democratic schooling, Fazal Rizvi. Part 2 Teaching as a profession: beyond professionalism, Shirley Grundy professional knowledge and the beginning teacher, Peter Gilroy practical professionalism, Hugh Sockett accountability and teacher professionalism, Maurice Kogan. Part 3 The professional development of teachers: being caught in schoolwork - the possibilities of research in teachers' work, Martin Lawn teachers and their research, Michael Golby the practical ethic takes priority over methodology, Clem Adelman teacher appraisal and the development of professional knowledge, Richard Winter knowledge, power and teacher appraisal, John Elliott.

A Model for Teaching Cross-Cultural Practice in Social Work

Abstract: The rapid growth and increasing visibility of ethnic and racial groups has vigorously challenged social work to educate students for ethnic-competent practice in cross-cultural settings. This article examines an approach to teaching effective intervention involving ethnic and racial groups and helping students integrate cultural factors and society's concerns into clinical practice. Pedagogical issues and classroom processes of teaching culturally sensitive and competent interpersonal practice are discussed. Implications are drawn for culturally sensitive education and issues are raised for critical examination.