Showing papers on "Reference Daily Intake published in 1986"

Blood Lead Levels and Dietary Calcium Intake in 1- to 11-Year-Old Children: The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976 to 1980

Abstract: Whether, and to what degree, dietary calcium is inversely associated with blood lead levels was examined in 2,926 black and white children, 1 to 11 years of age, from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II). Blood lead levels were significantly higher in black than in white children, whereas white children had significantly higher dietary calcium intake (P less than .0001). Using covariance analysis and multiple regression analysis, determinants of blood lead levels were assessed as follows. The dependent variable was log10 lead, with independent variables age, sex, race, height, Quetelet index, dietary intake of calcium, phosphorous, fat, carbohydrate, and calories, community size index, poverty index ratio, geographic region, urbanization index, and all two-way interactions of the preceding. In the multiple regression analysis, the following independent variables were significant, P less than .05. Race (black) and sex (male) were positively associated with blood lead level (P less than .0001 for both). The lower the family income and the more urban the family residence, the higher were the blood lead levels (P less than .0001, less than .008, respectively). A significant independent inverse association of blood lead levels with year of examination was noted, reflecting a downward secular trend in blood lead levels. Height was inversely associated with blood lead level (P less than .0001). Dietary calcium intake was also inversely associated with blood lead level (P = .028). Dietary intake of phosphorous, fat, carbohydrate, and total calories were not significantly associated with blood lead levels. The most direct strategy for prevention of childhood lead poisoning involves primary prevention to reduce exposure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The nutrient intakes of pregnant and lactating mothers of good socio-economic status in Cambridge, UK: some implications for recommended daily allowances of minor nutrients.

Abstract: 1. Forty-two mothers from social classes I, I1 and IIInon-manual and twenty-one from social classes IIImanual (M), IV and V were studied longitudinally. The mean daily nutrient intakes in months 4–9 of pregnancy, months 2– 4 of lactation and 3 and 6 months post-lactation are presented and are compared with the UK and the US recommended daily allowances (RDA).2. The quality of the diets (nutrients per 4184 kJ (1000 kcal)) was found to be better than that of other adult female populations studied in the UK, except for a group of dietitians.3. The mean daily intakes of nutrients for which there are UK RDA were almost all greater than 100% of the RDA. The exceptions were iron, which in the manual group (social classes IIIM, IV and V) was 85% of the RDA in pregnancy and 75% post-lactation, and vitamin D.4. Among the nutrients for which there are US, but not UK RDA, only phosphorus and vitamin B,, intakes were greater than 100% of the RDA in both groups at all stages of the study. Intakes of other nutrients were below the RDA: pantothenate 7G91, vitamin B, zinc, vitamin E and copper 40–72, folate 21–44, and biotin < 20% of the RDA.5. The bases of the RDA for adult women were examined; for most nutrients the information is limited. It was concluded that the RDA for magnesium, vitamin E and pantothenate are probably higher than necessary and that deficiency is unlikely; that zinc, copper, vitamin B, and folate are probably ‘marginal’ nutrients for ‘at risk’ groups; and that information on biotin is insufficient even roughly to assess the dietary requirement.

A study of dietary intake in pre- and post-menstrual period.

Abstract: A prospective double-blind clinical trial was conducted in 11 young, healthy, normally menstruating female subjects to detect any quantitative difference in energy intake in the proliferative and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle over two cycles. Energy intake was found to be significantly higher in the premenstrual phase in both menstrual cycles.

Dietary intake in pregnancy. A comparison between 49 Cambridgeshire women and current recommended intake.

Abstract: The mean daily nutrient intakes from dietary sources of 49 pregnant women in the third trimester of normal pregnancy were assessed using a 7-day weighed inventory method and standard food tables. Mean daily intakes of all major nutrients reached DHSS recommended levels, with the exceptions of energy (2065 kcal/8.65 MJ), proportion of energy derived from carbohydrate (48 per cent), calcium (1047 mg), and vitamin D (2.58 micrograms). These results are in agreement with those of comparable published studies and lend support to suggestions that some of the increased requirements in pregnancy may be being met by physiological adaptation, without the need for greatly increased dietary intakes, or for indiscriminate vitamin and mineral supplementation. For seven women with low weight gain (less than 8 kg at 36 weeks; mean 6.97 kg), mean daily intakes of most nutrients were lower, and were below recommended levels for energy (1770 kcal/7.4 MJ), ascorbic acid (47.4 mg), vitamin D (2.18 micrograms), calcium (980 mg), and iron (10.5 mg). Proportional intakes of carbohydrate (50 per cent) and dietary fibre (20.1 g/day) however, tended to be higher in this group.

Dietary supplement and food intake in women of childbearing age.

Abstract: The relationship between dietary adequacy and supplement use was examined in 3,227 nonpregnant women aged 15 to 41 years from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Twenty-five percent of the women used dietary supplements regularly; 67% of them consumed some form of multivitamin. Supplement users had a higher income and education, were more often white, had a leaner body composition, and were more likely to reside in the western United States than nonusers. Caloric intake of users and non-users was similar. However, independent of the supplements, the diets of supplement users contained significantly more dietary protein, phosphorus, iron, potassium, thiamin, and niacin than the diets of non-users. A considerable portion of both users and non-users had dietary intakes of less than 50% of the Recommended Dietary Allowances for calcium, iron, vitamin A, and vitamin C; however, a significantly greater proportion of supplement non-users had low intakes of iron and vitamin C. Supplement users generally consumed a more nutrient-dense diet and may be the individuals who least need supplements.

Maternal nutrition and breast feeding.

Abstract: This review summarizes current theories relating to maternal nutritional needs during human lactation and considers dietary situations where theory and experimental findings differ. Nutritional requirements for dietary energy during pregnancy and the dietary recommendations of various national and international expert committees are based essentially on the theoretical reasoning of Hytten and Chamberlain (1980). They have calculated that over pregnancy as a whole an additional 80000 kcal of energy is needed primarily to support 2 principal physiological processes: fat deposition (a net 36000 kcal) and an enhanced resting metabolic rate (RMR) (again a total net cost of about 36000 kcal). These 2 components have different time courses. This has led to some difference of opinion as to how energy increments should be accomodated in practical diets. A major factor which influenced the different decisions from the 2 expert committees--the Department of Health and Human Services and the WHO/FAO/UNU--was how much allowance could be made for a reduced activity once a pregnancy was under way. The conclusion is that at least during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy a mothers food energy intake may have to increase by about 10-15%; the proportion increase becomes even greater once a mother begins to lactate. The basis of the theoretical calculations is as follows: over the first 6 months of lactation the average mother produces 850 ml/day of milk. If this milk contains 70 kcal/100 ml and the efficacy of conversion of maternal dietary energy into milk energy is around 80% the average lactation will impose an additional energy need of about 750 kcal/day. A comparison of dietary theory and actual practice reveals major discrepancies. Table 2 presents a selection of intake data for dietary energy of people from a selection of industrialized nations; Table 3 provides corresponding information on the 3rd world nations. Intake values for lactation in the industrialized countries tend to be about 200 kcal/day greater than in pregnancy but few sets of values rise to the total Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for pregnancy of 2400-2500 kcal/day or 2650-2750 kcal/day in the case of lactation. This is particularly the case in studies conducted in the last 10 years. The discrepancy becomes more marked when data from the 3rd world is examined. A study of rural Gambia part of an international collaborative effort is reported. Improving the dietary status of rural Gambian women during pregnancy by the administration of a special dietary biscuit had a clear and significant effect on the time course of the RMR changes. Statistically mothers given the biscuit supplement increased their RMR on average by a net 13000 kcal over pregnancy as a whole. These results may indicate that the more generous the dietary allowance the more closely RMR changes resemble those derived theoretically.

The use of recommended daily allowances to assess dietary adequacy.

Abstract: Using the recommended daily allowance (RDA) to assess dietary adequacy implies making a direct comparison between RDA and some measure of dietary intake. The value and usefulness of doing so must clearly depend on the limitations of each. By definition the RDA are intended to cover ‘the average amount of the nutrient, which should be provided per head in a group of people if the needs of practically all members of a group are to be met’. Philosophically and statistically speaking the RDA are set theoretically at two standard deviations above the mean requirement of the group. Thus the RDA as published in the summary table of the report by the Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) (1979) have limitations for the assessment of dietary adequacy. If the mean intake of a group is above the RDA we can expect that only a few individuals with particularly high requirements and particularly low intakes might be deficient. However, if the mean intake is below the RDA, we do not know what interpretation to put on the value. If we are to assess the probability of deficiency in a group, we need three pieces of information: ( I ) a good measure of the mean intake of that group and the range of intakes, (2) a good measure of the mean requirement and the range of requirements, (3) a knowledge of the correlation between individual intakes and requirements. These are now discussed in turn.

Nutritional status of pregnant Punjabi women in relation to education and economic level

Abstract: Dietary intake of 108 pregnant Punjabi women was studied in relation to economic and educational status using the 24‐hour recall method for two days. Heights and weights were measured. Intakes of energy, protein, calcium and iron were calculated and compared to the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for Indians. Energy intake of subjects was markedly low, cereals providing 35–39% of kilocalories. Calcium intake was adequate, whereas protein intake was 70 % of RDA. Iron intake was inadequate and not affected by economic or educational status. Energy and protein intakes of the subjects were significantly increased with improvement in educational status, whereas protein and calcium intakes of the subjects were significantly affected by economic status. Nutrition education needs to be stressed.

The trace element and macronutrient content of meals-on-wheels.

Abstract: The trace element and macronutrient contents of 35 different meals-on-wheels received by seven housebound elderly people have been analysed. The contribution these meals made to the existing Recommended Daily Allowance or the Safe and Adequate Dietary Intake as well as the overall daily nutrient intake was assessed. In general the meals provided adequate amounts of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron. Levels of magnesium, manganese, copper, chromium and zinc were low in comparison with some recommended intakes. In addition the meals appeared to contain a relatively high level of sodium. Recommendations for the nutrient content of meals-on-wheels have been made.

Dietary and supplementary intake of nutrients by patients with gastrointestinal diseases.

Abstract: The dietary and supplementary intake of food, energy, and nutrients were examined in 54 patients after various gastrointestinal operations and in 33 patients with gastritis, peptic ulcer, or undefined abdominal pain. Forty-six of the operated and 21 of the nonoperated patients had to avoid certain foods (p less than 0.001, chi 2-test), mainly milk, beans, cabbage and other vegetables, bread, and fried foods. Only a few patients got discomfort from coffee, fatty foods, and meat. The intake of energy was at the level of light physical work. The dietary intake of iron, vitamin A, and niacin did not reach the level of the recommended daily allowance (RDA). One-half of the patients used vitamins and supplements, which increased their intake over the level of RDA. It is important to inform patients before operations about the possibility of persistent abdominal symptoms after the operation.

Astudy on the dietary intake and health of aged person I -Based on elderly person in Seoul-

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary-intake and that of health by mean of questionarie and interview for male and female old persons living in Seoul area. The contents of study included general aspects, physical status and health, nutrient intake, and food intake frequency. The results from the above survey are summarized as follows ; 1. The age group in the range of 60 to 79 years old was 71%, and the average number of family was 4.9. The educational level was 56% of elderly persons were elementary or middle school graduates . 42.8% of elderly persons had an average monthly income of \490,000 to 300,000. 2. The aged average height, weight, and physical index were 164.9cm, 55.8kg and 20.4 in male, 152.7cm, 46.0kg and 20.3 in female which were lower than the Korean average standard. (male; 167.0cm, 61.0kg, female; 156.0cm, 55.0kg) In the degree of health self-consciousness, percentage distribution of poor and very poor was 29% in male, 59% in female. Among the condition of disease, neuralgia was 23.8%, hypertension was 17.2%, diabetes was 5.4%. 3. Average daily calorie intake was for male and for female which were lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Koreans. Protein intake was (which was RDA) for elderly person, the proportion of animal protein to total protein intake were (). Iron, Vitamin , Niacin intake exceeded the RDA, but the intake of Calcium, Vitamin C were far less than that of RDA. 4. In the correlations between nutritional intakes and environmental factors and health, economic living situations and educational level as the factors which might influence the condition of nutritional intake was significant(P days per week were , that of milk and milk products for scarecely week were 42.9.% Correlation of food intake frequency was divided three levels-good, fair, poor. Food intake frequency as the factors which might influence the condition of nutritional intake was significant(P