Showing papers on "Resource management published in 1990"
1,196 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: The first major publication resulting from research initiated on wetland creation and restoration is the status report as discussed by the authors, which is composed of two volumes: the first volume is a series of regional reviews, summarizing wetland creating and restoration experiences in broadly defined wetland regions, the second volume is an abstract of theme papers, covering a wide range of topics of general application to wetland building and restoration.
Abstract: In the last decade, interest has increased in coastal and freshwater wetland restoration and creation at all levels of government, in the scientific community, and in the private sector. US Environmental Protection Agency personnel agreed that there was a pressing need to determine how well created and restored wetlands compensate for losses permitted under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. An effort was made to capture information not published elsewhere and incorporate it with published literature to produce a unique resource. The status report is the first major publication resulting from research initiated on wetland creation and restoration. Conceived as a mechanism for identifying the adequacy of the available information, this status report will help set priorities for the research program and provide Agency personnel with an analytical framework for making Section 404 permit decisions based on the status of the science of wetland creation and restoration. The report is composed of two volumes. The first volume is a series of regional reviews, summarizing wetland creation and restoration experiences in broadly-defined wetland regions, the second volume is a series of theme papers, covering a wide range of topics of general application to wetland creation and restoration. One report ismore » processed separately for inclusion in the appropriate data bases.« less
402 citations
388 citations
Book•
30 Nov 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the experience, the potential, and the constraints of wildlife management programs which involve and benefit local people, and explore the potential for wildlife management to stimulate independence and institutional capabilities in rural communities, and greater complexity and diversity in their economies.
Abstract: The decline in Africa's wildlife heritage and the persistent poverty of its rural people are linked by a common denominator: rapid human population growth and the resulting misuse and degradation of the land. Expanding settlements, crops, and livestock in marginal areas are reducing agricultural productivity and displacing wildlife. This conflict between people and animals is one which the animals must lose, and a rich natural resource may be lost before its true value is realized. Fortunately, conservationists and development planners are exploring a common solution: developing alternative land uses based on wildlife resources generating food and income for rural communities. This paper examines the experience, the potential, and the constraints of wildlife management programs which involve and benefit local people. It also explores the potential for wildlife management to stimulate independence and institutional capabilities in rural communities, and greater complexity and diversity in their economies.
275 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that increases in competitive uncertainty and resource dependence accompanied the deregulation of the airline industry and that firms might use interlocking among boards of directors as a c...
Abstract: Increases in competitive uncertainty and resource dependence accompanied the deregulation of the airline industry. In such a situation, firms might use interlocking among boards of directors as a c...
201 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the concepts of utilization costs, resource-based theories, and capital market imperfections are integrated into a new framework to explain how companies choose to enter new markets.
Abstract: This study integrates the concepts of utilization costs, resource-based theories, and capital market imperfections into a new framework to explain how companies choose to enter new markets. Two mod...
186 citations
TL;DR: Human resource planning has traditionally been used by organizations to ensure that the right person is in the right job at the right time as discussed by the authors, which is the product of the interaction between line managers and planners.
Abstract: I ABSTRACT: Human resource planning has traditionally been used by organizations to ensure that the right person is in the right job at the right time. Under past conditions of relative environmental certainty and stability, human resource planning focused on the short term and was dic- tated largely by line management concerns. Increasing environmental instability, demographic shifts, changes in technology, and heightened international competition are changing the need for and the nature of human resource planning in leading organizations. Planning is increas- ingly the product of the interaction between line manage- ment and planners. In addition, organizations are real- izing that in order to adequately address human resource concerns, they must develop long-term as well as short- term solutions. As human resource planners involve themselves in more programs to serve the needs of the business, and even influence the direction of the business, they face new and increased responsibilities and chal- lenges.
148 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the critical path method is used to assign project activities to specific days so that the final resource histogram approaches a rectangle and its moment approaches a minimum value, and the resulting leveled histogram is the same as or very close to, that produced by other optimization or heuristic methods.
Abstract: A new heuristic for resource leveling based upon the critical path method is developed. The minimum moment of the resource histogram is used to measure the level of resources. The heuristic assigns project activities to specific days so that the final resource histogram approaches a rectangle and its moment approaches a minimum value. Activities are listed in a priority order and all possible assignments for each are determined. Incremental moments contributed by the activity's resource rate and penalties that recognize network interactions are calculated. Each activity is positioned in the time span where the sum of these quantities is a minimum. The histogram is thereby built step‐by‐step until all activities have been positioned within the constraints of a CPM or PERT network. The resulting leveled histogram is the same as, or very close to, that produced by other optimization or heuristic methods. The method is clear, logical, and computationally efficient whether the leveling is done manually or by c...
132 citations
107 citations
TL;DR: A general overview of resource management aspects of ATM networks is presented, and mechanisms of load control have been considered, and the advantages of the proposed assigned method over the peak bit rate allocation method are proved.
Abstract: A general overview of resource management aspects of ATM networks is presented, and mechanisms of load control have been considered. A general framework of resource management is first addressed. Two main aspects of traffic characterization are then examined from the traffic engineering point of view: teleservice characterization and user characterization. These form the basis of the analysis that follows. In particular, a bandwidth assignment proposal is presented and evaluated by simulation. Policing issues are discussed. The advantages of the proposed assigned method over the peak bit rate allocation method is proved for two typical dimensioning cases. >
Book•
24 May 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present case studies developed over a two-year period, 1987-1989, by Fellows in the Program in International Development Policy at Duke University, including experienced representatives from developing countries, the World Bank, and scholars, integrating the growing interest in environmental protection and resource conservation into the existing body of knowledge about the political economy of developing countries.
Abstract: Drawing on case studies developed over a two-year period, 1987-1989, by Fellows in the Program in International Development Policy at Duke University, including experienced representatives from developing countries, the World Bank, and scholars, the authors integrate the growing interest in environmental protection and resource conservation into the existing body of knowledge about the political economy of developing countries. This book is about the links that tie resource use, environmental quality, and economic development, and the way in which those links are affected by the distribution of income and resource ownership. The links may be relatively simple, as in the case of peasant farmers too poor to conserve resources for the future and with nothing to gain from sound environmental practices. Or they may be very complex--as the authors find when they demonstrate how achievement of higher incomes by the rich can increase environmentally destructive behavior by the poor. Many of the links in some way involve rural land use, whether for agriculture or forestry. Natural Resource Policymaking in Developing Countries argues that the policies that matter are not merely those dealing with resources and the environment, but a much broader set that includes income distribution and asset ownership.
01 Jan 1990
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The question "Is cockpit resource management effective?" has been asked frequently in the years since 1979 and it is the position that the question remains open and that empirical evidence is just beginning to accumulate.
Abstract: The question "Is cockpit resource management effective?" has been asked frequently in the years since 1979 when a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)/Industry workshop addressed the concepts of crew coordination and effective utilization of all available resources in flight operations (Cooper, White, & Lauber, 1980) If one looks at the proliferation of cockpit resource management (CRM) training programs in domestic and foreign, civil and military aviation, and the enormous investment in time and money that they entail, it would appear that the question has been answered in the affirmative It is our position, however, that the question remains open and that empirical evidence is just beginning to accumulate Language: en
TL;DR: In this article, an extensive in-depth study of four large, complex, and very successful companies supports the widespread belief that human resource management can be a powerful tool to enhance competitiveness when policies and practices are logically driven by a firm's strategy and by the key environmental factors it faces.
Abstract: Recent research has emphasized the strategic focus that human resource management must have in order for an organization to fully utilize its human resources in a competitive market. However, few empirical studies have been done to date regarding how human resource planning should be linked to strategy. An extensive in-depth study of four large, complex, and very successful companies supports the widespread belief that human resource management can be a powerful tool to enhance competitiveness when policies and practices are logically driven by a firm's strategy and by the key environmental factors it faces. This article describes that study and looks at how the areas of selection, appraisal, reward, and development are handled by these firms. Based on both the specific policies and the actual practices as perceived by middle managers (those that implement the policies), the article presents a contingency framework which offers guidelines as to how certain HRM practices should be implemented to gain competitive advantage.
TL;DR: In this article, the emergent strategy of small to medium-sized business units is discussed and discussed in the context of human resource management and emergent strategies of small-to medium-size business units.
Abstract: (1990). Human resource management and the emergent strategy of small to medium-sized business units. The International Journal of Human Resource Management: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 233-250.
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this article, community forestry herders' decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa, Community forestry Herders, decision-makers' decision making in natural resource management in ARIMA, community forestry HERDERS' decisionmaking in NATR management in agricultural communities in Africa.
Abstract: Community forestry Herders' decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Africa , Community forestry Herders' decision-making in natural resources management in arid and semi-arid Af... , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
TL;DR: Differences in physician managers' orientations to goals which focus on the organization as a system are compared to senior physicians in the same setting and results indicate that changes in physicians' orientation to management-related goals and organization obligations are reflected in their budgeting behaviour.
Abstract: Recent concern has been expressed over the reluctance of physicians in hospitals to take ‘resource management to their hearts’ (Pollitt et al. 1988, p. 232). This is important as physicians are increasingly becoming organization members with considerable economic and managerial involvement in hospitals. This paper provides some empirical evidence of differences which occur in physician behaviour once they become integrated into hospital management structures. Differences in physician managers' orientations to goals which focus on the organization as a system are compared to senior physicians in the same setting. In addition, a comparison is made between the attitudes and use of budgeting systems, a resource management strategy. The results indicate that changes in physician managers' orientation to management-related goals and organization obligations are reflected in their budgeting behaviour.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a survey was carried out that showed the extent and duration, often in excess of one generation, of occupancy of a person's Ekwar in the Turkana silvo-pastoral system.
Abstract: Usufruct rights to trees (Ekwar) in the Turkana silvo-pastoral system are an important aspect of natural resource management, particularly in the drier central parts of Kenya. Originating from a participatory forestry extension program, a survey was carried out that showed the extent and duration, often in excess of one generation, of occupancy of a person's Ekwar. Such rights center around the dry season fodder resources, especially of Acacia tortilis. However they are not definite and are linked to risk-spreading by flexibility in livestock management and the need that they be maintained through efficient usage and social linkages. Hitherto, such natural resource management systems have all but been ignored in the development process in favor of the “tragedy of the commons” paradigm. Likewise, pastoral development has tended to emphasize range and water, while trees are not given the attention they deserve. This endangers the resilience of the system, and it is therefore important that development works with, not against, such environmentally-sound practices to try to make them more sustainable in the long term.
TL;DR: This paper proposes that a resource management system for large distributed systems should have two levels --- a lower one, responsible for export and allocation of resources in local distributed systems, and an upper one, which manages special resources/services that are not provided locally.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose that a resource management system for large distributed systems should have two levels --- a lower one, responsible for export and allocation of resources in local distributed systems, and an upper one, which manages special resources/services that are not provided locally. For a local environment, load balancing (implementing export and allocation of computational resources) is realized in a distributed way; and management of peripheral resources is developed based on a name server, which can be centralized, or distributed and replicated. The upper level has a centralized resource management center, which is responsible for export and allocation of both peripheral and computational resources. It contains two parts: a name server, which stores attributed names of all shareable resources and a resource manager, which allocates resources to requesting users of a large distributed system. Communication between the resource management center and the local systems is facilitated through integrating modules. This system is now designed based on the RHODOS distributed operating system.
TL;DR: General research issues in sustainable agriculture are discussed and priorities in developing appropriate technology based on sound biological principles and laws of physics and mechanics for pest and weed control are suggested.
Abstract: The evolution of concepts and definitions of agricultural systems over time is presented. Inputs of an agricultural system are classified as components and activities. A component is either a resource or a technology. The activities are the management of resources and the application of technology in the production process. The outputs of a production process will include both the targeted product and the environmental impact. When these terms are used to describe an agricultural system graphically, the dynamic aspects of the system can easily be illustrated and problems associated with the system can be properly identified. Sustainable agriculture is recognized as conveying certain objectives or delineating certain requirements of an agricultural system, in terms of both the input and output of the system. These objectives are: (1) producing necessary quantity of high quality food and fiber; (2) profitable to the grower; (3) conserving nonrenewable resources; and (4) harmonious with biological, physical and social environments. These objectives have long-term implications and attempt to secure the future viability of agriculture. Therefore they embrace the concept of sustainability. The difficulty of constructing such a system is that not all the objectives are compatible; compromise or trade-offs among the objectives are often necessary in developing a workable sustainable system. Progress and improvement can always be made through research, but no perfect system can realistically be constructed. General research issues in sustainable agriculture are discussed. Priorities in developing appropriate technology based on sound biological principles and laws of physics and mechanics for pest and weed control are suggested.