Showing papers on "Saline water published in 1983"

Ammonia Toxicity to Chinook Salmon Parr: Reduction in Saline Water

Abstract: The acute toxicity of un-ionized ammonia (NH3) to parr of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in fresh water and in water of four different salinities was determined in 24-hour static tests. The 24-hour median lethal concentration (LC50) in fresh water was 0.36 mg NH3/liter. The LC50 at a salinity of 9.6‰ was considerably higher (2.2 mg NH3/liter). Lower LC50 values, indicating greater toxicity, were obtained in water of both lesser and greater salinity. Reduction of ammonia toxicity is a major benefit of brackish-water culture of chinook salmon. Received February 8, 1982 Accepted August 5, 1983

Crop density and irrigation with saline water

Abstract: The economic implications of plant density for irrigation water use under saline conditions are investigated, utilizing the involved physical and biological relationships. The analysis considers a single crop and is applied to cotton data. The results suggest that treating plant density as an endogenous control variable has substantial impact on profits and the optimal quantities and qualities of the applied irrigation water.

Oil recovery process for stratified high salinity reservoirs

Abstract: There is provided a process for improving oil recovery from stratified reservoirs by (1) injecting low saline water to reduce the salinity in high permeability zones, (2) injecting a surfactant solution into the high permeability zones, (3) injecting high salinity water into the reservoir, thereby forming a surfactant/water/oil emulsion which reduces effective brine permeability in the high permeability zones, and (4) continuing to inject high salinity water into the reservoir, whereby water is diverted to low permeability zones and oil is recovered from the low permeability zones. Low salinity water may then be injected to break-up or release the emulsion in the high permeability zones and to recover oil from the high permeability zones.

Delineation of saline intrusion in the Dungeness shingle aquifer using surface geophysics

Abstract: Summary Salt water intrusion into a coastal water table (shingle) aquifer has occured in Dungeness, England. Chloride ion concentrations as high as 3000 mg/l have been measured. These compare with background values of 40 mg/l. 29 Vertical electrical resistivity soundings using the Wenner array were undertaken to determine the applicability of direct current resistivity as a method for delineating the saline intrusion. Interpretation of the resistivity data show not only a saline zone near the coast resulting from sea water intrusion, but also the presence of a low resistivity layer beneath fresh water bearing shingle throughout the study area. This low resistivity is interpreted as being mainly due to saline waterbearing sands. A borehole drilled a year after the survey confirmed the presence of saline water beneath a fresh water lens.

Method of refining saline water

Abstract: PURPOSE:To alleviate the load of impurities on a membrane for inhibiting the deterioration of the membrane and enhancing current efficiency, by letting primary-refined saline water flow through a precision filter, e.g. an ultrafiltration or millipored filtration membrane, and then the bed of chelating resin. CONSTITUTION:Primary-refined saline water is introduced through a raw water pipe 6 into a raw water tank 1 and supplied through a supply pipe 7 to a precision filter 2 by a pump 8, to perform precision filtration. The precision filter 2 contains filtering elements such as ultrafiltration or millipored filtration membranes in it, so that nonionic particles in the saline water are captured by the filtering surfaces of these filtering elements and that the filtrate flows through a filtrate pipe 9 into a filtrate tank 3. The filtrate is then supplied through a connecting pipe 11 to the columns 4, 5 of chelating resin in series, so that metallic ions such as Ca and Mg are adsorbed and removed by the beds 4a, 5a of the chelating resin poured into the columns and that the treated water is supplied through a treated water pipe 13 to an electrolytic cell.

Packaging of herring roe

Abstract: PURPOSE: To improve the preservability of herring roe, and to facilitate the removal of salt therefrom in cooking, by packaging pretreated herring roe together with saturated saline water in a container made of a material having excellent gas-barrier property and moisture-proofness without leaving air in the container. CONSTITUTION: Herring roe extracted from the belly of Pacific herring is added with 3 times volume of saline water of 5W6° Baume, and the saline water is exchanged repeatedly to remove the blood from the roe. The roe is sprinkled with salt and immersed in saturated saline water for 24W48hr to harden the roe. The hardened roe is washed thoroughly with saline water of 5W6° Baume, drained, filled in a container 1 together with saturated saline water 3, and sealed with the lid 4. COPYRIGHT: (C)1985,JPO&Japio

Production of packed kazunoko (dried herring roe)

Abstract: PURPOSE: To produce the titled food having high preservability, taste and flavor, by extracting the roe from the body of herring, washing the roe with running sea water to remove the blood therefrom, sprinkling salt thereto, treating with saline water containing hydrogen peroxide, treating with catalase, stiffening the tissue with salt, filling in a container together with saturated salt solution, and sealing the container. CONSTITUTION: The roe 2 extracted from the body of herring is washed with running sea water at 10W15°C to remove the blood from the roe, scattered with salt, washed, treated with saline water containing ≤0.5% hydrogen peroxide, washed again, treated with a catalase, washed, salted to stiffen the tissued, filled in a container 1 together with saturated salt solution 3 containing salt having low impurity content at ≤10°C, and sealed with the lid 4 to obtain the objective packed KAZUNOKO. The amount of the saturated salt solution is preferably 70W80% based on the weight of the herring roe. COPYRIGHT: (C)1985,JPO&Japio

Inland travel of tide-driven saline water in the altamaha and satilla rivers, georgia, and the st. marys river, georgia-florida

Abstract: ................................................................

NaCl—induced modifications of nitrogen absorption and assimilation in salt tolerant and salt resistant millet ecotypes (Pennisetum typhoideum L. Rich.)

Abstract: It has been estimated that one-third of the irrigated areas of the world is affected by salinity and increasing salts in the soil represent the major limitation to crop yield in many arid countries5. Although salinity is not incompatible with plant life, only a few crops are able to grow under high level of salts accumulated by fertilization practices or by use of saline water for irrigation. Since the salt-free water available for irrigation purpose is difficult and expensive to obtain, a promising approach to overcome the problem of salinity may be the genetic improvement of salt tolerance in crops by: 1) selection among agronomic cultivars; 2) hybridization and ploidy changes; 3) use of wild germplasm sources to develop new cultivated species. Promising studies have been undertaken with barley, tomato, wheat and wheatgrass4,10,16,17. Salt stress in plants can be accounted for an increase in sodium, chloride or both ion contents9 and a decrease of the internal nutrient availability2,6. The consequent changes in plant metabolism are mainly on enzyme systems which can be repressed or inhibited, induced or activated7,8,14,19. Comparative studies on varieties of crop plants differing in salt tolerance appear useful. Millet (Pennisetum typhoideum L. Rich.) is one of the widely cultivated crops in African and Asian regions.2

Stress tolerant crops from nitrogen fixing trees

Abstract: Notes are given on the nutritional quality and uses of: pods of Geoffroea decorticans, a species tolerant of saline and limed soils and saline water; seeds of Olneya tesota which nodulates readily and fixes nitrogen and photosynthesizes at low water potential; and pods of Prosopis chilensis and P. tamarugo which tolerate long periods without rain. 3 references.

A Survey of Soils Irrigated with Arkansas River Water

Abstract: A SURVEY OF SOILS IRRIGATED WITH ARKANSAS RIVER WATER In te re s t in the use of Arkansas River water fo r i r r i g a t i o n has in ­ creased recent ly as land adjacent to the r i v e r i s converted to crop production and r iv e r water i s considered as an a l t e r n a t iv e to de­ pleted underground suppl ies . Since the Arkansas River can conta in elevated concentrations of sodium ch lo r ide , t h i s study was designed to determine i f soil condit ions adverse to crop growth were devel­ oping where r iv e r water has been used. The impact of r i v e r water on s i t e s where r iv e r water was used as e i t h e r the sole source fo r up to 3 years or as a supplement to another surface source fo r up to 20 years was evaluated. The mean surface and p r o f i l e ESPs were both 3.7%, while pa ra l le l ECs fo r 1:2 soil:, water e x t r a c t were 183 and 163 umhos/cm, respec t ive ly . Mean surface and p r o f i l e ch lo r ide concentrations were 32 and 50 ug/g, r e sp ec t iv e ly . Mean sa tu ra ted hydraulic conduc t iv i t ie s were 0.015 cm/hr fo r the surface s o i l . No data were obtained which suggested th a t the use of the Arkansas River under the condit ions described above was detr imental to so i l physical or chemical p rope r t ie s . Periodic reevalua t ion of t h i s conclusion is suggested a t s i t e s where d i r e c t use of Arkansas River water continues fo r an extended period of time. Gilmour, J . T . , H. D. Scott and R. E. Baser A SURVEY OF SOILS IRRIGATED WITH ARKANSAS RIVER WATER Completion Report to the Office of Water Policy , Department of the I n t e r io r , Washington, D . C . , March 1983 KEYWORDS-i r r i g a t io n / conduct iv i ty / hydrogen ion c o n c e n t r a t io n / s a l in e water / sa l ine s o i l s / s a l i n i t y / s a l t s / soi l physical p r o p e r t i e s / sodium/ sodium ch lo r ide / water q u a l i ty TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Index of Tables ............................................................................. i i Acknowledgements ........................................................................ i i i Introduct ion 1 Materials and Methods ................................................................ 4 Results and Discussion ................................................................ 6 Summary 16 L i te ra tu re Cited ........................................................................ 17 Appendix (Maps of S i tes and Detailed Data) ..................... 19

Preparation of preservable eel liver soup

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prepare eel liver soup preservable for a long period, by boiling the guts of eel, separating the liver, boiling the liver in 1% saline water, removing oil and water from the boiled liver by centrifugation, immersing in ethyl alcohol, etc., packaging together with chemical seasonings, etc. in vacuum, and sterilizing in a retort. CONSTITUTION:Extracted eel guts are thrown into boiling water, and boiled while removing the oil and fat separated from the liver by the overflow with hot water. The liver is separated from the guts, thrown into boiling water to effect the separation of oil and fat, and again boiled in water containing 1% salt. After removing the oil and water from the liver by centrifugation, the liver is immersed in a solution of tocopherol (heat-resistant temperature =200 deg.C) in ethyl alcohol for about 1hr to remove the unsaturated fatty acids and to prevent the acidification of the oil and fat. The defatted liver is packaged in vacuum together with soy, salt, soup of dried bonito, chemical seasonings, and extract, and sterilized in a retort.