Showing papers on "Situational ethics published in 1968"

Words, deeds, and the perception of consequences and responsibility in action situations '

Abstract: It is proposed that correspondence between people's norms and their behavior can be expected only when pertinent norms are activated in the choice situation, and that activation depends upon how consequences and responsibility for social behavior are perceived. Using indexes of tendencies to become aware of consequences for the welfare of others and to ascribe responsibility to the self, 118 male college students were assigned to groups with different probabilities of experiencing activation of their norms. Within groups presumed to experience little activation of norms, no correspondenc e between norms and behavior was observed. Increasingly positive correlations were found within groups more likely to experience activation of norms. (For a summary index, r = .02 in the lowest group, and r = .58 in the highest.) The findings suggest an interaction between ascription of responsibilit y and awareness of consequences in activating norms. The question of how verbalizations concerning attitudes, opinions, and norms are related to overt behaviors is of continuing concern in social science. Deutscher (1966a) has compiled a bibliography of several hundred sources dealing with aspects of this question. Yet the conclusions drawn by reviewers of this literature are widely divergent. DeFleur and Westie (1963), for example, labeled the idea that there should be consistency between verbal behavior and actions "the fallacy of expected correspondence," arguing that verbalizations and overt actions constitute separate universes of response. Yet Campbell (1963, pp. 157-162) asserted that true inconsistency is rarely found, and called what is reported in the social attitude literature "pseudoinconsistency." He cited failure to recognize that verbal behavior and overt behavior have different situational thresholds as the basis for many inconsistency interpretations. The springboard for the research reported here is the often noted fact that verbalizations are commonly elicited or measured in one setting, while the actions which they 1 This research was supported in part by Public Health Service fellowship MH-23, 855, and computer analysis was funded by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and the National Science Foundation. The author is indebted to Howard Schuman for his critical comments and suggestions. presumably might govern are observed in another (cf. Campbell, 1963; DeFleur &

Effects of Attitudinal and Situational Factors on Reported Choice Behavior

Abstract: General and operational definitions of attitude imply assumptions that choice behavior is independent of situational factors. It is suggested that the attitude concept be redefined and choice behav...

Cue-learning and problem-learning strategies in normal and retarded children.

Abstract: A distinction between 2 degrees of reliance upon situational cues in problem solving is proposed. The distinction is formulated in terms of 2 contrasting learning strategies: (1) the cue-learning strategy, which involves heavy reliance upon situational cues, and (2) the problem-learning strategy, which involves active attempts to educe abstract relationships among problem elements. Experiment I demonstrated that retardates could learn a 3

Leadership Attempting: Why and When?:

Abstract: Leadership-attempting research has revealed that the likelihood of a given individual speaking in a group is quite complex and is dependent on a large number of situational and perceptual variables...

Motivational Effects of Individual Conferences and Goal Setting on Performance and Attitudes in Arithmetic. Report from the Project on Situational Variables and Efficiency of Concept Learning.

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Situational factors to be considered in the selection process.

Abstract: . SITUATIONAL FACTORS PRESENTED TO SUBJECTS IN AN EXPERIMENT CONDUCTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, AND (3) POTENTIAL MANIPULATION OF SITUATIONAL FACTORS IN OTHER EXPERIMENTS ON TEACHER SELECTION. THE IMPORTANCE OF SITUATIONAL FACTORS TO TEACHER BEHAVIOR AND TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS IS EMPHASIZED, AND TEACHER BEHAVIOR IN SITUATIONAL CONTEXTS IS RELATED TO THE TEACHER SELECTION PROCESS. THE IDENTIFICATION OF SITUATIONAL FACTORS FOR THE EXPERIMENT IN THE SIMULATED SITUATION INCLUDES ASPECTS OF THE LOCATION AND PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE COMMUNITY, THE NATURE OF THE COMMUNITY; THE SCHOOL DISTRICT; THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, AND THE VACANCY ITSELF. IT IS FOUND THAT THE INTERACTING EFFECTS OF SITUATIONAL VARIABLES COMPRISING A GIVEN SITUATION NECESSITATE CRITERIA OF TEACHER SELECTION BASED ON THOSE BEHAVIORS DESIGNATED BY THE LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICT AS DESIRABLE FOR THAT SITUATION. THIS PAPER WAS PRESENTED TO THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATION (CHICAGO, FEBRUARY 8-10,

Situational logic and covering law explanations in history

Abstract: Donagan has argued (a) that the covering law model of explanation does not apply in certain cases in historical explanations; (b) that situational logic explanations do apply, and (c) that situational logic explanations are fundamentally different from covering law explanations. It is argued that (b) is false as Donagan construes situational logic explanations. Once situational logic explanations are correctly construed they are similar to Hempel's rational explanations in covering law forms — hence (c) is false if situational logic explanations are correctly interpreted. Finally it is argued that one major reason Donagan gives for (a) is mistaken.

Measuring the Situational Nature of Management

Abstract: Rather than trying to develop a general theory of management with universal application, our concern should be with the differences in management which make each situation unique in terms of managerial decision making.

Ethics concerning leisure

Abstract: In the United States, non-work, or non-productive activity can produce ego anxiety within a person who considers work as the primary index of self-worth. This anxiety can become extreme when a person retires or is forced into unemployment. One cause of this anxiety is society's standards concerning acceptable activity; particularly the work-oriented attiude formulated in the “Protestant Ethic.” However, the “Protestant Ethic” is neither Protestant nor religious. Rather, it is a set of national mores, which justify our work-oriented economy in religious terms. Situational ethics, which reflect both sound counseling practice and contemporary theology, can be formulated concerning the problem of leisure. And, we propose a guideline for such an ethic.