Showing papers on "Social change published in 1975"

Dimensions of Corporate Social Performance: An Analytical Framework:

Abstract: Corporate social responsibility is an elusive concept, but it can be measured and compared within a structural framework and within the cultural context of each organization. Thus, corporate behavior can be analyzed in three specific stages: social obligation, or response to market or legal constraints; social responsibility, or congruence with current social norms and values; and social responsiveness, or anticipation of social change and problems, with development of appropriate policies to meet these needs

Who believes in a just world

Abstract: Research with the Just World Scale has indicated that many people believe that the world is a place where good people are rewarded and bad people are punished. Believers in a just world have been found to be more likely than nonbelievers to admire fortunate people and to derogate victims, thus permitting the believers to maintain the perception that people in fact get what they deserve. Other studies have shed light on the antecedents, correlates, and social consequences of the belief in a just world. Everyone may have a version of the just world belief in early childhood (Piaget's “immanent justice”), but some people outgrow the belief quickly and some apparently never do. Believers in a just world have been found to be more religious, more authoritarian, and more oriented toward the internal control of reinforcements than nonbelievers. They are also more likely to admire political leaders and existing social institutions, and to have negative attitudes toward underprivileged groups. Suggestions for modifying the belief in a just world are offered, focusing on the socialization techniques employed by parents, teachers, religious institutions, and the mass media.

Ethnicity : theory and experience

Abstract: This volume launches a far-reaching exploration into the meaning, manifestations, and significance of ethnicity in modern society and politics. The authors seek neither to celebrate nor to deplore ethnicity, but rather to examine it as a basis of social organization which in modern societies has achieved a significance comparable to that of social class. Ethnicity indicates that minority groups around the world are no longer doing what society for hundreds of years has expected them to do-assimilate, disappear, or endure as exotic, troublesome survivors. Instead, their numbers expanded by immigration, their experiences and struggles mirrored to one another by the international mass media, minorities have become vital, highly conscious forces within almost all contemporary societies. Ethnicity has played a pivotal role in recent social change; it has evolved into a political idea, a mobilizing principle, and an effective means of advancing group interests. Together with Glazer and Moynihan, Harold Isaacs, Talcott Parsons, Martin Kilson, Orlando Patterson, Daniel Bell, Milton Esman, Milton Gordon, William Petersen, and others bring analytic clarity to the rich concept of "ethnicity." Their effort to explain why ethnic identity has become more salient, ethnic self-assertion stronger, and ethnic conflict more intense helps to develop a catholic view of ethnicity: this surpasses limited categories of race and nationality; includes the old world and the new, economically developed as well as developing nations; and offers a broad variety of theoretical approaches. Presenting the readers with a wealth of perceptions, points of view, and examples, Ethnicity: Theory and Experience will provoke discussion and argument for years to come.

Age Differentiation and the Life Course

Abstract: Age has long been recognized as a basic element in social structure and the life course, but we have only recently achieved some appreciation of its diverse meanings and implications. To interpret the effects or correlates of age and birth year we must specify the variables they represent. The complexity of this task is suggested by the following temporal dimensions and locational properties that are derived from age data: (a) the individual life time or life span from birth to death-chronological or developmental age as an approximate index of stage in the aging process; (b) the social timetable of the life course (e.g. entry into marriage, retirement), which is defined by age criteria in norms and social roles; and (c) historical time in the course of social change-birth year or entry into the system as an index of historical location.1 The focal point of the lifetime framework is the inevitable and irreversible process of aging; that of social time, age differentiation in the sequential patterning, and configuration of social roles; and that of historical time, cohort membership, differentiation, and succession, with their implications for life histories, aging, and social change. Each temporal focus is associated with a distinctive tradition of theory and research: lifetime, BUhler (1935), the biological cycle of life as reflected in attitudes toward life (see also BUhler & Massarik 1968); social time, theoretical analyses by Linton (1942) and Parsons (1942), and Eisenstadt's (1956) influential synthesis of ethnographic materials on age differentiation; and historical, Mannheim's (1952, orig. 1928) essay on "The Problem of Generations." Continuities within the social time perspective are illustrated by theoretical formulations of social transitions in the life course, from Cottrell's (1942) propositional inventory on adjustment to age

Sociological Theory and Social Control

Abstract: In the origins of sociology, "social control" served as a central concept both for relating sociology to social philosophy and for analyzing total societies. In its classical sense, it referred to the capacity of a social group to regulate itself. The concept supplied a basis for integration of theory and research until the 1930s. While the traditional usage of social control has persisted, the term has been redefined to mean either socialization or social repression. Either the classical meaning must be utilized or a new term must be developed to refer to the capacity of social groups to effect self-regulation if theory and research are to deal with macrosociology under advanced industrialism.

Toward a Dialectical Theory of Development

Abstract: A dialectical theory of development is concerned with short-term situational changes, e.g., in the dialogue between mother and child, and long-term developmental changes, e.g., in the career development of husband and wife. A dialectical theory deem-phasizes equilibrium or balance at which development is at rest; it emphasizes continuing changes brought about by inner and outer contradictions. These conflicts create asynchronies within or between any two of four dimensions of development; inner-biological, individual-psychological, cultural-sociological, outer-physical. Development aims at synchronizing progressions along different dimensions. Such an interpretation is closely comparable to orchestral arrangements (from classical music to jazz) rather than to physical theories of balances on which social psychologists and even cognitive developmental psychologists continue to rely.

Advocacy and Objectivity: A Crisis in the Professionalization of American Social Science, 1865-1905

Abstract: This award-winning book of the Frederick Jackson Turner Studies describes the early development of social science professions in the United States. Furner traces the academic process in economics, sociology, and political science. She devotes considerable attention to economics in the 1880s, when first-generation professionals wrestled with the enormously difficult social questions associated with industrialization. Controversies among economists reflected an endemic tension in social science between the necessity of being recognized as objective scientists and an intense desire to advocate reforms. Molded by internal conflicts and external pressures, social science gradually changed. In the 1890s economics was defined more narrowly around market concerns. Both reformers and students of social dynamics gravitated to the emerging discipline of sociology, while political science professionalized around the important new field of public administration. This division of social science into specialized disciplines was especially significant as progressivism opened paths to power and influence for social science experts. Professionalization profoundly altered the role and contribution of social scientists in American life. Since the late nineteenth century, professionals have exerted increasing control over complex economic and social processes, often performing services that they themselves have helped to make essential. Furner here seeks to discover how emerging groups of American social scientists envisioned their role what rights and responsibilities they claimed how they hoped to perform a vital social function as they fulfilled their own ambitions, and what restraints they recognized.

Unequal Justice: Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America

Abstract: Focuses on the elite nature of the profession, with its emphasis on serving business interests and its attempt to exclude participation by minorities.

The exit of social mobility and the voice of social change : Notes on the social psychology of intergroup relations:

Abstract: As I Ishared until recently the puzzlement of M. Jourdain in not knowing that I was writing prose, it would perhaps be appropriate to introduce these notes with an account of a brief encounter. Early in March 1974, I was spending a few days in Cambridge, Mass., on my way to deliver some lectures at the University of Michigan. When visiting some friends, I met for the first time Albert Hirschman who a little later in the evening asked me the kind of question that no well-drilled academic ever should in such circumtances take seriously or, even less, answer seriously : what was I going to talk about at Ann Arbor? But the question was asked with great courtesy and apparent interest; therefore I briefly answered in (I hope) no more than five minutes. Next morning, Hirschman appeared bearing a &dquo;slim volume&dquo; with the inscription: &dquo;Pour Henri Tajfel, avec le pressentiment d’un dialogue&dquo;. The book was his Exit, voice and loyalty 1. The present notes are a first step towards validating the self-fulfilling prophecy of that inscription. Amongst the major themes of the Ann Arbor lectures (Tajfel, 1974a) 2

A Comparison of Managers Entering or Reentering The Profit and Nonprofit Sectors

Abstract: This article reports that graduate schools of management and business administration are increasingly attracting more students who view their careers as vehicles for implementing social change. Pro...

Peasants, Politics and Revolution: Pressures Toward Political and Social Change in the Third World

Abstract: During the last quarter century, peasant participation in politics has increased markedly in parts of Latin America and Asia. Why the poor and vulnerable peasant population has chosen to leave the confines of the village for political activity and at times for sustained revolution is the question this book explores. The author draws on informal interviews and observation of peasants in Mexico and India and on fifty-one community studies of peasants in Asia and Latin America compiled by ethnographers in the last forty years. He suggests that severe economic crises have driven peasants to roles in the larger economy outside the village, where they are initially attracted to politics by material incentives. Originally published in 1975. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Body Pleasure and the Origins of Violence

Abstract: A neuropsychologist contends that the greatest threat to world peace comes from those nations which have the most depriving environments for their children and which are most repressive of sexual a...

Education and Peace

Abstract: During the 1930s Maria Montessori became concerned with the question of peace. Taking as her starting point her conviction that the child must be our teacher, she moved on to consider the problems of human and social development. This text is a collection of her speeches on this subject.

Social exchange in marketing

Abstract: Exchange is a fundamental and universal aspect of human behavior. Economic exchange models have dealt with the buying and selling of material goods and services, while social exchange models have broadened their scope to include social and psychological aspects of interactions. In its present form, however, the social exchange model exhibits serious shortcomings for the marketing scholar and practitioner; it is largely atheoretical, unrealistic, narrow in applicability, and lacking in its depiction of important facets of man's behavior. In light of these criticisms, the notion of an exchange system is proposed and illustrated as an explanatory framework. Finally, it is suggested that marketing can be viewed as a component of the social system functioning as both a cause and consequence of social change.

Attractiveness as a Biasing Factor in Teacher Judgments.

Abstract: A double-blind experiment to evaluate the effect of facial attractiveness on teacher judgments was performed. Given identical information, teachers systematically rated attractive children more favorably than unattractive children. In the case of unattractive children, teachers were more willing to recommend special-class placement and held lower expectations for future academic and social development.

Organized Social Complexity: Challenge to Politics and Policy

Abstract: One striking feature of modern political and social development has been the construction of social systems encompassing more and more groups. The increase in social complexity, the authors of this volume contend, has reached a point where accepted concepts fail to describe social and political phenomena adequately. The studies in this book reevaluate traditional assumptions. Part One defines organized social complexity and discusses the effects of technological change. Part Two assesses national planning and systems analysis, approaches supposed to provide direct control over social matters. Part Three describes methodological aspects and research applications, and Part Four provides retrospective and prospective views of theories on social complexity.Originally published in 1975.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

A Demographer Looks at American Families.

Abstract: The title of this paper would be more nearly accurate if it had been changed to "A Social Psychologist Turned Demographer Tries to Understand What Is Happening to Marriage and Living Arrangements in the United States Today." I was a social psychology major under Professor Kimball Young (grandson of Brigham Young) at the University of Wisconsin during the mid-1930's when about the only thing that an undergraduate major could find to do after receiving a B.A. degree was to go to graduate school. My greatest ambition had been to do research on attitudes toward various types of social, economic, and religious behavior to learn more about the extent to which people of a given socioeconomic level who assert liberal or con-