Showing papers on "Somatic anxiety published in 2006"

Measurement of Multidimensional Sport Performance Anxiety in Children and Adults: The Sport Anxiety Scale-2

Abstract: This article describes the development and validation of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2), a multidimensional measure of cognitive and somatic trait anxiety in sport performance settings. Scale development was stimulated by fi ndings that the 3-factor structure of the original Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS; Smith, Smoll, & Schutz, 1990) could not be reproduced in child samples and that several items on the scale produced confl icting factor loadings in adult samples. Alternative items having readability levels of grade 4 or below were therefore written to create a new version suitable for both children and adults. Exploratory and confi rmatory factor analyses replicated the original SAS factor structure at all age levels, yielding separate 5-item subscales for Somatic Anxiety, Worry, and Concentration Disruption in samples as young as 9 to 10 years of age. The SAS-2 has stronger factorial validity than the original scale did, and construct validity research indicates that scores relate to other psychological measures as expected. The scale reliably predicts precompetition state anxiety scores and proved sensitive to anxiety-reduction interventions directed at youth sport coaches and parents.

Effects of a Single Session of Large-Group Meditation and Progressive Muscle Relaxation Training on Stress Reduction, Reactivity, and Recovery

Abstract: Three hundred eighty-seven undergraduate students in a large-group setting were exposed to 20 min of either meditation, progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), or a control condition, followed by 1 min of stress induction and another 10 min of each intervention. Participants in the meditation and PMR groups decreased more in cognitive, somatic, and general state anxiety than controls. The PMR group had the greatest decline in somatic anxiety, lending some support to the cognitive/somatic specificity hypothesis. After exposure to a visual stressor, those in the relaxation conditions had higher levels of anxiety and recovered more quickly than controls. Findings demonstrated the effectiveness of brief group training in meditation or PMR in reducing state anxiety after exposure to a transitory stressor.

Quetiapine in the treatment of anxiety in patients with bipolar I or II depression: a secondary analysis from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Quetiapine monotherapy shows efficacy in bipolar depression. The analyses in this multicenter, double-blind, randomized, fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study evaluated effects of quetiapine monotherapy on anxiety symptoms in bipolar depression. METHOD: Of 542 outpatients randomly assigned to treatment, 539 with bipolar I (N = 358) or bipolar II (N = 181) disorder experiencing a major depressive episode (DSM-IV) received 8 weeks of quetiapine monotherapy (600 or 300 mg/day) or placebo between September 2002 and October 2003. Anxiety assessments included the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) and relevant items from the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). Analyses evaluated the pooled dose groups versus placebo. RESULTS: At week 8, quetiapine 600 and 300 mg/day each demonstrated significant improvements in HAM-A total score versus placebo (-10.8 and -9.9 vs. -6.7, p < .001). Quetiapine (pooled doses) significantly improved HAM-A total score from week 1. In bipolar I depression, quetiapine showed significant improvement in HAM-A total score versus placebo (-10.4 vs. -5.1, p < .001). In bipolar I depression, quetiapine also showed significant improvements versus placebo on the HAM-A anxious mood and tension items, HAM-A psychic and somatic subscales, MADRS inner tension item, and HAM-D psychic anxiety item (all p < .001), but not the HAM-D somatic anxiety item. In bipolar II depression, quetiapine reduced the HAM-A total score more than placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant (-9.8 vs. -9.0, p = .473). In bipolar II depression, quetiapine showed significant improvement versus placebo on the HAM-A anxious mood, MADRS inner tension, and HAM-D psychic anxiety items (all p < .01). CONCLUSION: Quetiapine monotherapy shows efficacy in treating anxiety symptoms in bipolar I depression; however, the anxiolytic effects in bipolar II disorder require further investigation.

Diagnosing major depressive disorder VIII: are some symptoms better than others?

Abstract: The present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services project examined whether symptoms that are not part of the DSM-IV definition of major depressive disorder (MDD) are better at discriminating depressed from nondepressed patients than the current criteria. Symptoms assessed included diminished drive, helplessness, hopelessness, nonreactive mood, psychic anxiety, somatic anxiety, subjective anger, and overtly expressed anger. A total of 1538 psychiatric outpatients were administered a semistructured diagnostic interview. We inquired about all of the symptoms of depression for all patients. Diminished drive exhibited stronger performance in differentiating MDD from non-MDD relative to all DSM-IV criteria except depressed mood, reduced interest/pleasure, and impaired concentration/indecisiveness. A compound criterion combining diminished drive with loss of energy was endorsed by nearly all MDD patients. Helplessness and hopelessness, when combined into a single criterion, performed more strongly than some of the DSM-IV criteria. Lack of reactivity, anxiety, and anger symptoms failed to differentiate more strongly than current DSM-IV criteria. The implications of these results for revising the diagnostic criteria for major depression are discussed.

The "Russian roulette" of soccer?: Perceived control and anxiety in a major tournament penalty shootout

Abstract: Kicks from the penalty mark (official term for the "penalty shootout") are regularly featured in major soccer tournaments to determine the outcome of tied games. Based on the contingency-competence-control (CCC) model (Weisz & Stipek, 1982), this study provides an examination of the control beliefs and anxiety experienced by 10 elite soccer players in the context of a major tournament penalty shootout. Measures included interview questions and CSAI-2R (Cox, Martens, & Russell 2003) with direction instructions (Jones & Swain, 1992). The results gave some support to the model's predictions. The quantitative analyses demonstrated that perceived contingency and competence correlated with anxiety. For example, believing that outcome is based on luck was associated with debilitative interpretation Of somatic anxiety symptoms. Most findings were supported by the qualitative analyses. The CCC-model can be useful for researchers endeavouring to learn more about perceived control in competitive sport.

Verbal aggressiveness and state anxiety of volleyball players and coaches

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation of verbal aggressiveness and state anxiety (somatic, cognitive, and self-confidence) in sports settings based on the ratings by volleyball coaches and their athletes. The sample consisted of volleyball athletes (n=208; 98 men and 110 women) and their coaches (n=20; 16 men and 4 women). Analysis showed that male volleyball players rated somatic anxiety higher and were more affected by the verbal aggressiveness of their coaches than female volleyball players. No mean differences were significant for male and female coaches on somatic or cognitive anxiety, self-confidence, or verbal aggressiveness. Also, correlation between subscale scores for male and female volleyball players and coaches was found. The correlations of verbal aggressiveness with self-confidence and anxiety were positive for these athletes, leading them to better behavior. This relationship needs further examination in sport settings.

Somatic Anxiety Patterns Before, During, and After Giving a Public Speech

Abstract: This study examined the relationship between public speaking anxiety and physiological stress indicators at four different milestones or stages in the delivery of a public speech. Specifically, public speakers' gastrointestinal body sensations were compared at different times and across different levels of psychological trait anxiety. Results indicated significant differences in both the magnitude and the patterns of somatic responses between high- and low-trait-anxiety groupings. First, as the groups of speakers moved from anticipation to confrontation, their somatic responses changed in opposite directions. Subsequently, high-anxiety speakers reported a significant increase in stress symptoms immediately after the speech had ended, indicating anxious remorse or fear of negative evaluation. These findings provided important new information about speech anxiety patterns, particularly as they differ in high- and low-anxiety speakers.

Factorial Integrity of the Sport Anxiety Scale: A Methodological Note and Revised Scoring Recommendations

Abstract: Results of several recent studies have called into question the factorial integrity of the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS; Smith, Smoll, & Schutz, 1990) because two items (14 and 20) that loaded on the Concentration Disruption subscale in our validation and cross-validation samples have loaded or cross-loaded on the Worry subscale in other samples. We agree that this is a serious problem, and we evaluate proposed modifications of the SAS on both conceptual and empirical grounds. For researchers currently using the SAS, we recommend a new scoring system that deletes two troublesome Concentration Disruption items and one Somatic Anxiety item, preserving separate and factorially consistent Somatic, Worry, and Concentration Disruption subscales. We present evidence that our original Worry scale provides a better CFA fit than a suggested “cognitive anxiety” alternative that combines the two concentration disruption items with the Worry scale items. We also describe nonreplication of the SAS three-factor structure in...

An examination of the factorial structure of the Norwegian version of the sport anxiety scale.

Abstract: The purpose of the present research was to develop and validate a Norwegian version of the sport anxiety scale (SAS-N), a multidimensional sport performance trait anxiety inventory. The SAS consists of three unique dimensions measuring somatic anxiety, worry and concentration disruption, respectively. The translation–back translation method was used in development of the SAS-N, and athletes from different sports in Norway (N 5 282) participated in the study. The findings are similar to those of the English original, and lend support for the use of this instrument with Norwegian athlete subjects.

A cluster analysis of perfectionism among competitive athletes.

Abstract: In the present study, the ways in which athletes may experience perfectionism in a sport context were examined. The question of interest was whether self-confidence, intensity, and direction of cognitive and somatic precompetitive anxiety would differ across identifiable profiles of perfectionism. Competitive athletes (N= 166) completed the Sport-Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the French-Canadian Hewitt Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised, including a Direction scale. Results of the cluster analysis indicated that athletes could be classified into three groups labelled Nonperfectionists, Adaptive perfectionists, and Maladaptive perfectionists. Perfectionism profiles differed significantly on Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety Intensity and on Cognitive Anxiety Direction. The importance of considering all dimensions of perfectionism simultaneously when examining the functional nature of this construct in sport is discussed.

A preliminary examination of the roles of perceived control, cortisol and perceptions of anxiety in music performance

Abstract: Interpretation of anxiety as facilitative or debilitative may have a greater influence on a musician's performance than the intensity of performance anxiety experienced. This preliminary study investigated the relationships between perceived control, a physiological index of control (cortisol), and perceptions of anxiety in music performance. Thirty-five undergraduate music students (10 male, 25 female) provided measures of salivary cortisol and completed the Performance Anxiety Questionnaire (PAQ) and a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory (CSAI-M) immediately following a short performance examination. The Anxiety Control Questionnaire (ACQ) and a baseline measure of cortisol were completed on a separate occasion. Musicians appear to experience high levels of anxiety and tend to interpret their anxiety in a debilitative direction. Perceived control over internal reactions correlated significantly with somatic anxiety direction and with somatic and cognitive anxiety intensity, which suggests that musicians are more concerned with controlling their internal physical state rather than the outside environment. No other correlations were observed, and implications for treatment are discussed.

Distress and functioning in mixed anxiety and depressive disorder

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of mixed anxiety and depressive disorder (MADD) with reference to functional characteristics and symptomatic characteristics in comparison with anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, and groups showing subthreshold symptoms (exclusively depressive or anxiety related). The present study was carried out in the following three medical settings: two psychiatric and one primary care. Patients seeking care in psychiatric institutions due to anxiety and depressive symptoms and attending primary medical settings for any reason were taken into account. A total of 104 patients (65 women and 39 men, mean age 41.1 years) were given a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30), Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and Present State Examination questionnaire, a part of Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry, Version 2.0. There were no statistically relevant differences between MADD and anxiety disorders in median GHQ score (19 vs 16) and median GAF score (median 68.5 vs 65). When considering depressive disorders the median GHQ score (28) was higher, and median GAF score (59) was lower than that in MADD. In groups with separated subthreshold anxiety or depressive symptoms, median GHQ scores (12) were lower and median GAF scores (75) were higher than that in MADD. The most frequent symptoms of MADD are symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and depression. Mixed anxiety and depressive disorder differs significantly from GAD only in higher rates of depressed mood and lower rates of somatic anxiety symptoms. Distinction from depression was clearer; six of 10 depressive symptoms are more minor in severity in MADD than in the case of depression. Distress and interference with personal functions in MADD are similar to that of other anxiety disorders. A pattern of MADD symptoms locates this disorder between depression and GAD.

Niveles de ansiedad en jugadores internacionales de baloncesto en silla de rueda

Abstract: The present research concerns the anxiety levels in wheelchair basketball athletes from different nationalities who participate in high-level competition like Andre Vergauwen European Cup. The research sample was composed by 49 athletes from five countries (England, France, Switzerland, Turkey and Spain) who participated in the European cup qualifying, age between 17-50 years old. It was applied the questionnaires SCAT (Sport Competitive Anxiety Test) and CSAI-2 (Competitive State Anxiety Inventory) from Rainer Martens. The results showed low levels of trait and state anxiety. Age and years of competition did not show significant influence on athletes anxiety. Finally, somatic anxiety depicts some differences between Turkish players when compared with French and English ones.

Physical Self-Presentation and Competitive Anxiety in Male Master Divers:

Abstract: Summary This study investigated the link between physical self-presentation and competitive anxiety in male, master-level, high-board divers (N = 84, M age = 29.3 yr., SD = 14.3). Competitive trait anxiety, social physique anxiety, and physical self-presentation confidence were assessed using the Sport Anxiety Scale, Social Physique Anxiety Scale, and the Physical Self-presentation inventory. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that variance in competitive anxiety was accounted for by the physical self-presentation variables and that these variables were more strongly associated with the cognitive anxiety subscale Worry, and to a lesser extent, Somatic Anxiety. The results of this study provide support for the argument that physical self-presentation is associated with competitive anxiety in male athletes.

대학 아이스하키 선수를 위한 심리훈련 프로그램 효과

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of psychological training program on Competitive State Anxiety and Performance of collegate icehockey player. Subjects consisted of twenty male collegate Icehockey players. Psychological training group(n=10) were exposed to 5 different psychological skills(goal setting, positive thinking and self-talk, concentration and routines, arousal regulation techniques, and imagery) during their icehockey practice. Control group(n = 10) followed the same amount and quality of icehockey practice but received no psychological training practice. Program effectiveness was evaluated through the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) and the athletes' appraisal on 8 aspects of tennis performances. The results indicated an increase in the direction dimension of the somatic anxiety, cognitive anxiety and self-confidence for the psychological training group at the posttest. Moreover, self-confidence, as well as the overall icehockey performance, were greater for all the participants of the intervention group after the psychological training program.