Showing papers on "Standardization published in 1981"

Standardization in Causal Analysis

Abstract: In comparative study, it is argued that (1) the standardization of variables and scales should be separated from the habitual use of standardized coefficients; (2) the use of standardized coefficie...

Lack of standardization of the journal title data element in databases

Abstract: The problem of data element representation is more extensive than most perceive. The number of standards (internal, national, and international) is large, but the use of standards within databases is not widespread. The result is a significant lack of standardization both within and across databases. The result of nonstandardization becomes apparent when one attempts an exhaustive search on a particular data element in multiple databases. The journal title element was studied in eight databases, and four measures (“Number of forms of an element in a database,” “Percent retrievability by element form,” “Number of noncontiguous entry points in a sorted list,” and “Percent retrievability by best form of an element”) were developed to show the extent of standardization within a database and some of its implications for searching.

International accounting: development, issues, and future directions

Abstract: This article is designed as a survey of international accounting for accountants and others, describing its development and scope, problems, and current attempts at international standardization. Because standardization has not progressed very far, discrepancies cause financial and managerial accounting problems for multinational enterprise – such as, the need to keep several sets of records. Selected issues – such as, translation, inflationary adjustments, and segment reporting – are examined briefly, and the need to develop managerial accounting and information systems appropriate for MNE decision making is outlined. This approach, it is hoped, will provide an overview and also allow the identification of research needs and possibilities. The article concentrates on selected issues of Western industrialized countries, in which most MNEs operate, and attempts to identify major practical and theoretical dimensions of international accounting.

Calibration and related measurement services of the National Bureau of Standards

Abstract: This publication provides descriptions of the currently available NBS calibration services, special test services, and measurement assurance programs. In addition, each section describing specific services contains references to additional publications giving more detail about the measurement techniques and procedures used. This revised edition reflects the services available as of the first quarter of 1982. NBS Special Publication 250 was last issued in 1980. The Appendix to SP250 is reissued every 6 months (April and October). It lists current prices for the services described in this publication and the NBS points of contact (addresses and phone numbers) from whom additional information can be obtained.

Aircraft Alerting Systems Standardization Study. Volume II. Aircraft Alerting System Design Guidelines

Abstract: : This report is one of a series of documented studies directed to the improvement and standardization of aircraft alerting systems. The purpose of the study was to develop and validate, through simulation, functional design criteria that can be used in designing effective aircraft alerting systems. The major objectives of this phase of the study were to: resolve system component questions; validate the two candidate system/concepts by comparison to a representative baseline system, for both the pilot and flight engineer stations; evaluate presentation media and display formats for time-critical warnings; and develop guidelines for the design of alerting systems. This document presents a set of design guidelines directed to the improvement and standardization of aircraft alerting systems. The objective of the guidelines is not to define a simple hardware design that each manufacturer must use, but rather to provide functional design criteria that can be used to develop effective alerting systems, and to promote standardization within the industry.

Standardization as a factor in information transfer

Abstract: "Standardization: an activity giving solutions for repet itive application to problems essentially in the spheres of science, technology and economics, aimed at the optimum degree of order in a given context. Generally the activity consists of the processes of formulating, issuing and implementing standards." [ 1 ]Standardization seeks to avoid repetitive solutions of the same problem and to aid simplification, communication, economy, safety and health, consumer protection and the elimination of trade barriers. The standard as a document has much in common with the technical regulation and shares certain features with patents and legislation.Users need information about standards in order to apply them, or as a basis for new standards or because they are affected by their results. Together these groups of user represent, directly or indirectly, the whole community.Standardization takes place at national, regional and inter national levels. The organizational structure is complex, differ ing from country t...

The ISO Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection: A first tutorial

Abstract: During the 1970's computing facilities which had previously provided stand-alone processing were linked into a variety of networks under quite different geographical, technical, financial and application constraints. The effect of these independent developments was that similar services were often provided by quite different mechanisms, and interconnection became extremely difficult. Late in the 1970's a strong desire for a standard means of internetwork communication arose. It was realized that a common model of distributed data communications would be required to facilitate the development of these standards. Intensive activity was initiated by several national and international standards organizations, including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). In 1978 the “Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection” [8] was produced, and this led to the 1981 Draft International Standard 7498 “Data Processing. Open Systems Interconnection - Basic Reference Model” [2]. The documents assume an environment of systems which make themselves “open” to the exchange of data with other systems by adhering to a well-defined set of standard procedures for communication. The documents scope includes not only the basic transfer of information between such systems, but also the capability of such systems to work together in support of distributed applications.

Ada: A Promising Beginning

Abstract: DoD's standardization on Ada will encourage development of Ada-based products benefitting nonmilitary as well as military users.

A Design Automation System for Electronic Switching Systems

Abstract: This paper describes the development and operation experience of NTT's design automation (DA) system for analog/digital switching systems. The DA system is composed of several subsystems, such as logic design, physical design, documentation and manufacturing data conversion programs, organized around the centralized data base management system. By using this system, hardware standardization and products compatibility among different manufacturers have been achieved. The outlook for the future DA technology is also discussed.

The ISO Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection

Abstract: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has just finalized the definition of the initial subset of its standardized network architecture, under the name of “Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection”. The role of this Reference Model, its current definition and the initial area of applications it covers will be presented. Analysis of requirement to support other applications will lead to outline and discuss likely extensions of the Reference Model.

Standardization of light signals for road traffic control

Abstract: A recent technical report on road-traffic-control signals prepared by the International Commission on Illumination is briefly discussed. The report represents a first step toward international standardization of traffic signal lights in order to benefit trade and transportation. The principal subject areas of the technical report--color, luminous intensity, and luminous intensity distribution--are outlined. It is concluded that the report can be highly beneficial to road traffic and that official recommendations should be prepared.

Construction of Application Systems: Some Aspects of Standardization

Abstract: The paper discusses an approach towards a more systematic development of application systems (AS). A multi-level AS architecture is presented that starts on the lowest level with software components common to all AS, and progresses through levels of successively higher specialization towards an application-specific user level. The creation of an AS is treated as the integration of software components — even existing complete subsystems — into the various levels. The paper concludes with an investigation as to what extent the integration process may be supported by standards, policies and computerized tools.

Description of a planned federal information processing standard for transport protocol

Abstract: The National Bureau of Standards has developed service and design specifications for transport and session protocols for use in computer system and network procurements. These protocols reside in layers four and five of the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection. This paper describes the services, interfaces, and internal behavior of the transport protocol. The transport (and session) protocol specifications were derived from the most recent developments within ISO on these protocols. Specific features were selected based on the needs of the agencies of the Federal Government within the United States, but they are consistent with the needs of any large organization engaged in the procurement or development of networks of heterogeneous computer systems.

Ecotoxicological test systems proceedings of a series of workshops

Abstract: A series of six workshops was conducted by the Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, to identify laboratory methods and data evaluation techniques for predicting the environmental effects of chemical substances. Methods were evaluated for their potential for standardization and for use in the ecological hazard and risk assessment processes under the Toxic Substances Control Act. The workshops addressed assessment and policy requirements of multispecies toxicology test procedures, mathematical models useful in hazard and risk assessments, and methods for measuring effects of chemicals on terrestrial and aquatic population interactions and ecosystem properties. The workshops were primarily used as a mechanism to gather information about research in progress. This information was part of the data base used to prepare a critical review of laboratory methods for ecological toxicology.

Draft British Standard

Abstract: The draft has been prepared under the direction of the Nuclear Engineering Standards Committee and is based on Technical Report 4826–1979 by Technical Committee 85 of the International Organization for Standardization.

Computers: Microcomputer standards: Weighing the pros and cons: Standardization of microcomputer hardware and software has been slowed by manufacturers' vested interests

Abstract: Discusses problems encountered in the definition and publication of hardware and software standards, mainly due to the conflict of interests between users and producers of computing equipment and also due to institutional conflicts. The 1981 status of representative microcomputer standards is illustrated and standards under discussion are outlined.

Transport aircraft cockpit standardization (federal aviation regulations part 25)

Abstract: : The present status of transport aircraft cockpit standardization was evaluated by examination of regulations and other design practice documents and by interviews with airline pilots and engineers Flight critical areas most in need of increased standardization were identified as (1) primary flight guidance instrumentation and (2) pilot input keyboards Additional areas proposed for further industry consultation, possibly leading to further standardization at a future date, include flap, slat, and leading-edge device control and display systems; indicated airspeed (IAS)-Mach indicators; powerplant instrumentation; and electric and hydraulic power diagrams, displays, and controls The continued use of a mixed metric and English unit measurement plan in both United States and foreign manufactured aircraft is noted, and the incidence of pilot dual qualifications and the need for criteria for digital system software certification are also discussed

Standardization of Immunological Reagents

Abstract: The International Union of Immunological Societies Standardization Committee and others have been working towards the standardization of immunological reagents. The primary aim of such standardization is to improve the quality of laboratory results and to provide a means to ensure uniformity in the designation of the concentration of clinically important substances in body fluids which cannot be adequately characterized by chemical and physical means.