Showing papers on "Surface condenser published in 1979"

Steam-cooled blading with steam thermal barrier for reheat gas turbine combined with steam turbine

Abstract: Steam-cooling with a steam thermal barrier for reheat gas turbine vanes and blades offers advantages over cooling with air or water at the higher temperatures characteristic of existing high temperature gas tubines, in particular when coupled with a reheat steam cycle. Consequently, in such a combined cycle, higher cycle efficiency is obtainable for gas turbine initial firing temperatures of about 2500° F. (1371° C.) and 2050° F. (1121° C.) reheat temperatures where over-all combined cycle degradation resulting from steam cooling is below about 1%. A proposed combined reheat gas turbine and steam turbine cycle includes a gas turbine having steam-cooled components operating at a cycle pressure ratio of about 38 without intercooling and includes steam superheating in the reheat combustor.

Multi-stage, wet steam turbine

Abstract: A multi-stage, wet steam turbine employs working fluid, such as steam for example, in its two-phase region with vapor and liquid occurring simultaneously for at least part of the cycle, in particular the nozzle expansion. A smaller number of stages than usual is made possible, and the turbine may handle liquid only. Simple construction, low fuel consumption and high reliability are achieved.

Process for the efficient conversion of water-containing organic materials as fuels into energy

Abstract: A process is provided for the efficient conversion of water-containing organic materials such as bark, peat and sludge as fuels into energy, including drying the materials to convert them into fuels and then combusting the fuels in order to recover as much energy as possible at the lowest possible cost; which comprises heating the material in a steam vessel while enveloping the material in steam at superatmospheric pressure, heating the steam by heat exchange with steam at a higher pressure and higher temperature than the steam in the vessel; mechanically dewatering the material; and then drying the material to convert the material into a fuel, converting water driven from the material into steam, and forming excess steam in the dryer, of which steam all or part is recycled and condensed directly on the material in the steam vessel; and then combusting the dry material in finely divided form in a steam boiler, utilizing the high pressure steam that is generated in a turbine, which in turn operates a generator, converting the energy content of the steam into electric energy; and utilizing part of the turbine steam for heat exchange with the dryer system.

Combined cycle power plant incorporating coal gasification

Abstract: A combined cycle power plant incorporating a coal gasifier as the energy source The gases leaving the coal gasifier pass through a liquid couplant heat exchanger before being used to drive a gas turbine The exhaust gases of the gas turbine are used to generate both high pressure and low pressure steam for driving a steam turbine, before being exhausted to the atmosphere

Effects of Steam Injection on the Performance of Gas Turbine Power Cycles

Abstract: The effect of injecting steam generated by exhaust gas waste heat into a gas turbine with 3060°R turbine inlet temperature has been analyzed. Two alternate steam injection cycles are compared with a combined cycle using a conventional steam bottoming cycle. A range of compression ratios (8, 12, 16, and 20) and water mass injection ratios (0 to 0.4) were analyzed to determine effect on net turbine power output per pound of air and cycle thermodynamic efficiency. A water/fuel cost tradeoff analysis is also provided. The results indicate promising performance and economic advantages of steam injected cycles relative to more conventional utility power cycles. Application to coal-fired configuration is briefly discussed.

Method of optimizing the efficiency of a steam turbine power plant

Abstract: A method is disclosed for improving the operational efficiency of a steam turbine power plant by governing the adjustment of the throttle steam pressure of a steam turbine at a desired power plant output demand value. In the preferred embodiment, the impulse chamber pressure of a high pressure section of the steam turbine is measured as a representation of the steam flow through the steam turbine. At times during the operation of the plant at the desired output demand value, the throttle pressure is perturbed. The impulse chamber pressure is measured before and after the perturbations of the throttle pressure. Because changing thermodynamic conditions may occur possibly as a result of the perturbations and provide an erroneous representation of the steam flow through the turbine, the impulse chamber pressure measurements are compensated for determined measurable thermodynamic conditions in the steam turbine. A compensated change in impulse chamber pressure measurement in a decreasing direction as a result of the direction of perturbation of the steam throttle pressure may indicate that further adjustment in the same direction is beneficial in minimizing the steam flow through the steam turbine at the desired plant output demand value. The throttle steam pressure adjustment may be continually perturbed in the same direction until the compensated change in impulse chamber pressure before and after measurements falls below a predetermined value, whereby the steam flow is considered substantially at a minimum for the desired plant output demand value.

Solar power generator and water purifier

Abstract: A combined solar power generator and water purifier is provided herein. It includes a hollow globular boiler floating on and anchored atop a body of water to be purified. The globular boiler includes water inlet means disposed adjacent an upper portion of the globular boiler, an upwardly directed steam outlet conduit originating from an upper portion of the globular boiler, and a refractor lens window disposed within an upper half of the globular boiler. Controllable means are provided for directing the sun's rays towards the refractor lens window to generate heat to boil water in the boiler. A primary turbine is disposed at a level above that of the boiler, the primary turbine being connected to the steam outlet conduit and being driven by steam under pressure from the boiler. Steam condenser means are connected to the outlet from the primary turbine for dissipating residual heat in the steam effluent from the turbine and for condensing such steam as substantially pure water. A reservoir is connected to the outlet from the condenser means and such reservoir is disposed at a level which is lower than that of the primary turbine, but at a level which is higher than that of the globular boiler, for receiving such substantially pure water. A secondary turbine for the generation of electricity is disposed at a level which is lower than that of the reservoir but which is higher than that of the globular boiler. The secondary turbine is connected to the outlet from the reservoir and is driven by water from the reservoir. A pure water effluent is provided from the secondary turbine for use wherever pure water is required. Such solar power generator is thus very energy efficient.

Combined cycle power plant with pressurized fluidized bed combustor

Abstract: An improved combined cycle gas turbine and steam turbine power plant is disclosed in which the energy source for both the steam turbine portion of the system and the gas turbine portion is a pressurized fluidized bed combustor fueled by a carbonaceous fuel such as coal. Combustion gas discharged from the pressurized combustor is processed for minimal cleanup and temperature conditioning prior to passage through a heat exchanger to heat a stream of pressurized air for driving an air-gas turbine. Following the loss of sensible heat energy through the heat exchanger, the lower temperature combustion gas is expanded through a second, combustion gas turbine so that a portion of the remaining energy is extracted at a lower temperature, avoiding problems of hot gas corrosion and fouling within the turbine. A compressor, driven by one or both gas turbines, provides both the pressurized air supply for fluidization of the bed and the stream of air to the air-gas turbine. The fluidized bed contains fuel and sulfur-sorbing particles, the latter capturing and retaining sulfur oxide compounds to prevent emission thereof to the atmosphere. Heat exchangers located within the fluidized bed combustor serve as steam generating means for the steam turbine portion of the power plant.

Calcium carbide power system

Abstract: A calcium carbide based power system for stationary and mobile power plants. The carbide is reacted with water to create heat and acetylene, with the acetylene then being burned to heat a boiler for providing steam to a steam turbine. The exhaust of the turbine is condensed and pumped back into the boiler, first being pre-heated by a heat exchanger in the carbide-water reactor to pre-heat the boiler makeup water (steam) and to cool the reactor. The system may limit the excess water required for the carbide-water reactor, and provides recovery of the heat given off in the generation of the acetylene for maximum system efficiency. Other, alternate embodiments are also disclosed.

Selective condensation process and condenser apparatus

Abstract: Contaminant substances having high biochemical oxygen demand, foul odors, etc., are often carried by vapors to be condensed in industrial processes. Certain of these contaminants are more volatile than the primary constituent of the vapor to be condensed. The invention concerns a process and apparatus for separating most of the more volatile contaminants so that separate streams of condensate are produced, one of which is relatively clean while the other stream, though considerably smaller in volume, carries most of the contaminants. A plate type surface condenser having a barrier on the condensing side which prevents the passage of contaminants into a stream of relatively clean condensate is disclosed. In case several different streams of condensate are to be separated, the condenser apparatus has several sections arranged in series.

Method for the shutdown and restarting of combined power plant

Abstract: In shutting down a combined power plant, a steam turbine is first shutdown while operation of a gas turbine at high load is being continued, and the steam generated in a waste heat recovery boiler is passed on to a condenser through a bypass system bypassing the steam turbine. The gas turbine is then shutdown when this condition prevails, and gland sections of the steam turbine receive a supply of gland sealing steam which has been heated by a heater to a temperature level close to that of the steam attained while the steam turbine is in operation, thereby to maintain the temperature of the metal of the steam turbine gland sections at a desired level during the time the steam and gas turbines are shutdown. In restarting the combined plant, the gas turbine is first started and then the steam turbine is started.

Method of starting a forced-flow steam generator

Abstract: At the start up of the forced-flow steam generator, water is supplied through a line into a radiation-heated superheater heating surface while the by-pass valve connected to the output line of the final superheater is closed. This produces a steam cushion or buffer which initially inhibits the formation of steam in the tube panel (evaporator). Subsequently, the by-pass valve is partly opened to produce a steam flow which cools the superheaters. When the pressure in the steam generator reaches the range of pressures corresponding to the starting pressure of the turbine, feeding of the steam generator with water is started. The heat consumed for starting is therefore reduced.

Geothermal turbine installation

Abstract: A geothermal turbine intallation in which high-pressure steam is separated from geothermal steam, which is a mixture of steam and water, with the high pressure steam connected to a high pressure turbine. Low pressure steam produced by flashing the hot water component of the geothermal steam is introduced to a low pressure turbine which is constructed and operates independently of the high pressure turbine. The discharge steam from the high pressure turbine is introduced to a steam condenser operating at a low vacuum while discharge steam from the low pressure turbine is introduced into a steam condenser operating at a high vacuum. The cooling water system of the high and low pressure condensers are connected in series with one another. A maximum power increase is obtained if the flow rates of the high and low pressure steams at the extraction ports of the high and low pressure turbines are made substantially equal to one another.

Installation for generating pressure gas or mechanical energy

Abstract: An installation for producing compressed gas or mechanical energy contains an aircraft jet engine, the exhaust gases from which are used to heat a steam generator. A heat exchanger cools the exhaust gas to atmospheric temperature. The steam generator can provide steam for a steam turbine driving the compressor which compresses the exhaust gas to the final pressure. A gas turbine without a useful turbine or a second jet engine can be disposed between the heat exchanger and compressor and its exhaust gas can be used to heat a second steam generator. An additional heat exchanger cools the gas to atmospheric temperature and the compressor compresses it to the final pressure. The compressor can also comprise the compression stage of a gas turbine without a useful turbine or the compression stage of an aircraft jet engine having an expansion stage which drives a useful turbine producing mechanical energy. The expanded exhaust gas from the useful turbine can be used to supply heat for an additional steam generator.

Procedure for converting low-grade thermal energy into mechanical energy in a turbine for further utilization and plant for implementing the procedure

Abstract: This invention relates to a procedure for converting low-grade thermal energy into mechanical energy in a turbine for further utilization and a plant for implementing the procedure. The procedure according to the invention is characterized in that a low-grade heating medium and a first cooling medium are evaporated in a heat exchanger (A). The steam is carried to a turbine (T) for energy conversion and moist steam is carried from here to a heat exchanger (B) for condensing. The condensate is pumped back to the heat exchanger (A), i.e. the steam turbine circuit. Since the heat exchanger (B) is common to the steam turbine circuit described above and a heat pump circuit in such a manner that the heat exchanger comprises a condenser for the steam turbine circuit and an evaporator in the heat pump circuit, the heat removed in connection with condensing can be absorbed by a second evaporating cooling medium the steam of which is pumped via a heat pump (VP) to a heat exchanger (C) which is cooled by cooled medium from the heat exchanger (C) and where condensing takes place. The condensate is carried via an expansion valve (Ex) back to the heat exchanger (B) while outgoing cooled medium from the heat exchanger (A) is either heated in its entirety to a lower level than the original temperature at the commencement of the process or else a partial flow is reheated to a level that is equal to or higher than the original temperature at the commencement of the process and returned to the heat exchanger (A). The purpose of the invention is to provide a procedure and a plant for the conversion of low-grade heat in the form of cooling water or waste heating water from a process of any kind or hot water occurring in nature into mechanical energy in a turbine for further utilization.

Automatic restart control for a power plant boiler

Abstract: An automatic control is provided for fast restarts of a hot power plant Boiler fuel demand is increased to reach a target load based on measured turbine metal temperature and throttle pressure Fine tuning of the fuel demand is performed to achieve an actual match between the turbine and steam temperatures Turbine bypass valves are operated during boiler firing the control steam pressure to a programmed pressure setpoint Boiler firing rate is high limited by total boiler outlet steam to avoid flow overheating and bypass valve position is low limited in accordance with steam flow and throttle pressure to avoid excessively low steam flow Reheater controls are operated to match intermediate turbine temperature and reheat steam temperature

Method for producing a hydrogen-containing gas

Abstract: In a process for producing a hydrogen containing gas by reacting steam with a feedstock to give a gas at a temperature of at least 350° C., generating high pressure steam by heat exchange with such a gas, letting down the steam in an expansion engine of the pass-out type and using engine exhaust steam as process feed, an improvement in energy economy is achieved by bringing the engine exhaust steam into heat exchange with water and contacting the resulting hot water with a gaseous or vaporised feed to the process. The steam exhausted from the engine is preferably at a pressure lower than that at which the steam-using process step is generated. The process is especially useful in ammonia production by way of steam hydrocarbon reforming at an unconventionally high pressure in the range 40-80 bar abs, followed by synthesis at a pressure not more than 50% higher.

Leak detecting arrangement especially suitable for a steam condenser and method

Abstract: The detection of leaks in tubes, particularly cooling tubes in a steam condenser, is disclosed herein. In accomplishing this, a discrete amount of helium or similar tracer gas is initially directed into the front ends of the tubes while, at the same time, this gas is prevented from escaping into the ambient surroundings. Thereafter, the gas is drawn or otherwise moved by positive force through the tubes to the backends thereof, causing a portion of the gas to escape through leaks in the tubes, if any such leaks exist. The escaping gas, if any, is detected to indicate the presence of a leak and, at the same time, the non-escaping tracer gas reaching the backends of the tubes is captured and directed to a remote location.

Method of low temperature heat utilization for atmospheric pressure coal gasification

Abstract: A combined cycle power plant having a steam generator and a gas turbine which makes use of a high temperature liquid couplant, or heat exchange arrangement, and a low temperature liquid couplant, or heat exchange arrangement, for maximizing use of the heat available in the power plant. The high temperature liquid couplant extracts heat from the gases leaving a coal gasifier, and is used in (1) a high temperature air heater for the gasifier, and (2) a high temperature fuel preheater of a steam generator. The low temperature liquid couplant extracts heat from the exhaust gases of the steam generator, and is used as (1) preheat for the high temperature liquid couplant, (2) low temperature air preheater for the gasifier, (3) a booster fan inlet heater, and (4) a low temperature fuel preheater for the steam generator.

Pulsing steam solar water pump

Abstract: In this solar steam driven water pump steam is periodically generated and then condensed within a cavity to produce first a period of pressure over a column of water and then a period of vacuum to thereby first expell water from the cavity through one check valve and to subsequently fill the cavity with water through another check valve at the time of the vacuum, the generation of said steam pressure within said cavity being effected by a separate small pump within the cavity when this pump moves a small quantity of water in the cavity to a solar heated chamber in the cavity and the subsequent effecting of the vacuum within said cavity being accomplished when the water pumping chamber is cooled by condensation of the steam on the column of water against which it is acting, the periodic cessation of the small pump causing steam generation to cease when thermostats contacted by hot steam as water is expelled from the water chamber open a circuit stopping the small pump.

Refrigerating machine including energy conserving heat exchange apparatus

Abstract: An improved commercial cube/crushed ice making machine includes a refrigeration unit having a water-to-refrigerant heat exchange condenser operatively connectible to an external water supply for heating water therein The condenser provides for improved efficiency in the refrigeration unit over a conventional air-cooled condenser Also, the water heating capability of the ice-making machine preferably functions as a secondary heat source for the external water supply, thus providing savings in energy costs for the primary water heating source Further, the heat exchange relation between the refrigeration unit and the external water supply is determined by an improved control system which is responsive to both a refrigerant pressure at the condenser refrigerant outlet, and the water temperature at the condenser water outlet for controlling water flow through the condenser while maintaining a pre-determined refrigerant pressure in the heat exchange means

Vacuum system for power station condenser - has steam separator on outlet of liquid ring pump liquid separator

Abstract: The vacuum(2) in the condenser is maintained by a two stage pump consisting of an ejector(4) and a liquid ring vacuum pump(5). The discharge of the latter is taken to a liquid separator(6) from which the liquid is returned to the pump and the air blown off (14). The air from the liquid separator is used to drive the ejector(4). There is a connection(10) between them for this purpose. A steam separator(16) is put in this connection on the outlet of the liquid separator. This enables air from the liquid separator to be used as a driving medium without loss of efficiency.

Method and apparatus for operating a cross-compound turbine generator plant

Abstract: A cross compound turbine apparatus and method of operating the same wherein the apparatus includes a first turbine generator having a high pressure turbine and a first low pressure turbine connected to a first generator driving shaft, with the second turbine generator having an intermediate pressure turbine connected to a second generator driving shaft. Driving steam is supplied to the high pressure turbine and a primary steam line communicates exhaust steam from the high pressure turbine to drive the intermediate pressure turbine during a steady state operation of the first and second turbine generator sections. A bypass steam line communicates steam from the system supplying driving steam to the high pressure turbine to the intermediate pressure turbine in a bypassing relationship to the high pressure turbine. A control arrangement controls the flow of steam in the primary and bypass steam lines during a starting operating of the turbine generator sections, with the control arrangement being adapted to maintain the relative speeds of the first and second generator driving shafts in a predetermined synchronsis ratio. A controllable vent arrangement is provided for venting a portion of the steam flow in the primary steam line during starting operations. By virtue of these features, a speed synchronization of multiturbine sections can be obtained in an efficient and inexpensive manner without causing excessive heat rise in the turbine blades.

Apparatus for emergency cooling of a steam generator of a nuclear power plant

Abstract: In apparatus for emergency cooling of a steam generator unit (1) of a nuclear power plant wherein blow-off steam is condensed in a closed circuit and the resulting condensate is returned to the steam generator as feed water, the steam is passed through a blow-off pipe (11) into a closed vessel (14) comprising a water space (12) and a gas space (13). A bundle of heat exchanger tubes (15) extends through the vessel (14). An end part of the blow-off pipe (11) extending into the water space (12) is angularly bent and is designed as a steam distributor nozzle (18) which is arranged opposite to the bundle of heat exchanger tubes (15). The thermo-syphon effect and hence the efficiency of the apparatus are increased with this arrangement so that the amount of steam blown off can be taken up in a relatively small vessel.

Turbine power plant with back pressure turbine

Abstract: A combined gas/steam turbine power plant is disclosed including a gas turbine having a combustion chamber and a steam turbine driven by steam generated with heat from the combustion gases of the gas turbine. The steam is utilized in a technological process downstream of the steam turbine. Relatively small fluctuations in back pressure are compensated by varying a delivery of fuel to the combustion chamber. Relatively large fluctuations in back pressure are compensated by supplying live steam directly to the technological process downstream of the steam turbine. Various devices are provided for conditioning the steam prior to being supplied to the technological process.

Nuclear power plant steam system

Abstract: Apparatus utilizing steam from first, second and third extraction points of a steam turbine in a nuclear power plant steam system as heating steam in at least two feedwater heater units for maintaining the final feedwater temperature above a predetermined temperature value is disclosed. More specifically, when the plant loading is determined above a predetermined first level, the apparatus provides heating steam from the first extraction point to a final feedwater heater unit in the feedwater return path of the steam system and also provides heating steam, which is at a lower pressure than that from the first extraction point, from the second extraction point to another feedwater heater unit which preheats the feedwater prior to entering the final feedwater heater unit. At times, when the plant loading falls below the first level, heating steam, which is at a higher pressure than that of the first extraction point, is provided to the final feedwater unit from the third extraction point and a portion of the steam from the first extraction point is redirected as heating steam for the another feedwater heater unit. Moreover, at times, when the plant loading falls below a second predetermined level, which is lower than the first level, the heating steam from the third extraction point provided to the final feedwater heater unit is increased in pressure preferably by an ejector or jet pump device utilizing motive steam from a high pressure source, and in addition, a portion of the steam from the third extraction point is redirected to the another feedwater heater unit.

Effect of steam addition on cycle performance of simple and recuperated gas turbines

Abstract: Results are presented for the cycle efficiency and specific power of simple and recuperated gas turbine cycles in which steam is generated and used to increase turbine flow Calculations showed significant improvements in cycle efficiency and specific power by adding steam The calculations were made using component efficiencies and loss assumptions typical of stationary powerplants These results are presented for a range of operating temperatures and pressures Relative heat exchanger size and the water use rate are also examined

Method of watching function of condenser

Abstract: PURPOSE: To detect malfunction of the condenser in earlier stage and accurately by detecting the coding water outlet and inlet temperature of the condenser, the cooling water quantity and the temperature within the condenser to compute the heat transfer rate or the tube cleaning degree and watch the function of the condenser. CONSTITUTION: A condenser 3 with respect to a steam turbine 1 and a generator 2 comprises a water supply pipe 8, a water exhaust pipe 9 and a cooling pipe 13. A continuous cleaning device consisting of an arrester 4, a pump 5, a recovering apparatus 6 and a distributor 7, is connected to the condenser 3, and cleaning balls 12 are circulated. A pressure senser 18 is provided in the trunk body of the condenser 3, and temperature sensers 19 and 20 and temperatue difference sensers 21 and 22 are provided in the water supply pipe 8 and water exhaust pipe 9, respectively. Ultrasonic wave sensers 23 and 24 are installed in the water supply pipe 8 in a confronting manner to constitute a ultrasonic wave flowmeter. Furthermore, a plurality of hot flow sensers 25 are installed on the surface of the cooling pipe 13. From the measured values of these sensers, the heat transfer rate or the tube cleaning degree is computed, and the computed value is compared with the set value. COPYRIGHT: (C)1981,JPO&Japio

Control of parallel operated turbines in cogeneration

Abstract: A control system is provided for turbines in the utility part of an industrial plant using cogeneration so that control is maintained over the relative quantities of steam supplied to a common steam header from both the back pressure and the extraction turbines where the header supplies process steam at a predetermined pressure. The steam flow from a stage of the extraction turbine is controlled to maintain the header pressure at its desired value. The steam flow thus controlled is measured and a control means is provided to control the steam flow from a back pressure turbine supplying the same header so as to maintain a predetermined relationship between the two steam flows while maintaining electrical generation from the generators driven by the turbine at a maximum consistent with maintenance of an adequate control range for the header pressure control.