Showing papers on "Sustenance published in 1975"

Why Survive? Being Old in America

Abstract: The long careers of Picasso, Pope John XXIII, Humboldt, Duke Ellington, Prime Minister Meir, and Ben Franklin, among many others, provide the evidence that old age can be graceful and very productive. The skilled author and gerontologist, Robert Butler, demonstrates that most elderly people are healthier and more creative than either they or their families realize. Disease, decay, boredom, depression, poverty, and despair may be a necessary part of early aging for some but can be eluded by many others for several more valuable decades and especially by those who will ponder and apply the advice in this book. Housing, living expenses, and economic dignity for the elderly are problems about which the author is most angry. Some very personal notes and half the book are concerned with ordinary sustenance and money. The issues are well argued and well supported by general statistical analyses and anecdotes. The author logically develops

The Division of Labor: Conceptualization and Related Measures

Abstract: The division of labor refers to differences among members of a population in their sustenance activities and the related functional interdependence. It is proposed that the first dimension of the division of labor, sustenance differentiation, may be measured with data on occupational composition. Six alternative measures are presented and evaluated. Emphasis is placed on the attention each gives to the two aspects of sustenance differentiation: structural differentiation (number of classes) and distributive differentiation (distribution of individuals among the classes). The notion of a division of labor has had a strange history in the social sciences. In light of classical studies by Adam Smith (1776) and Emile Durkheim (1893), no economist or sociologist would question the importance of the phenomenon. But since these two classics did not engender a viable tradition of research and theory, there has been little progress in the conceptualization or measurement of the division of labor. (See the recent commentary by

The Edwardians: The Remaking of British Society

Abstract: Part One Dimensions of Inequality 1. Money 2. Sustenance 3. Country and Town 4. Childhood 5. Youth 6. Men and Women: Adulthood and Old Age Part Two Edwardians 7. Upper and Middle Class 8. The Borderline 9. Working Class: the Skilled 10. Working-Class: the Semi-Skilled 11. The Poor Part Three Instruments of Change 12. The Economy 13. Escape 14. Identity and Power 15. Solidarity 16. Politics 17. The Edwardian Crisis 18. War Part Four 19. The Standard of Life 20. The Family 21. Class 22. Theory and Practice.

Components of sustenance organization and nonmetropolitan population change: a human ecological investigation

Abstract: An assumption basic to human ecological theory, as developed by Gibbs, Hawley, Martin and others, states that a significant relationship exists between sustenance organization and population growth or decline. The present investigation transforms this assumption into an empirically verifiable hypothesis. Several components of sustenance organization are operationalized and found to account for a substantial proportion of the variation in relative population change in the nonmetropolitan counties of the United States between 1960 and 1970. The efficacy of sustenance activities as an explanation of population change is tested against a number of competing hypotheses focusing on age and racial composition, economic opportunities and proximity to metropolitan areas. Collectively these alternative explanations add little to the amount of variation in population change accounted for by components of sustenance organization. The implications of these findings for ecological theory are discussed in some detail.

Monotheism, Materialism, and Collective Purpose: An Analysis of Underhill's Correlations

Abstract: Underhill's suggestion that monotheism is associated more strongly with the sustenance activities of primitive societies than with their political organization is found to be incorrect. When the crucial political arrangements are held constant, there is no relationship between monotheism and a society's principal methods for obtaining food. These political arrangements are related to monotheism when the type of sustenance activity is controlled.