Showing papers on "Theme (narrative) published in 1976"

On the Sociology of National Development: Theories and Issues'

Abstract: This paper reviews the different perspectives from which the problem of national development has been approached by sociology. General characteristics of the problem of development and definitions of the term are discussed in the introductory sections. The perspectives reviewed are labeled "development as social differentiation," "development as enactment of values," and "development as liberation from dependency." The main trend noted is movement from earlier extrapolations of theories based on the unique European experience to more historically grounded analyses. Recent approaches to development are not without limitations, and these are reviewed, as are those of earlier evolutionary and psychosocial perspectives. The study of national development occupies a paradoxical position within sociology. From classical times to the present, it has had a central place in the minds of theorists concerned with the transition toward more advanced social stages. At the same time, familiarity with the concrete historical experiences of countries in the "underdeveloped" world has remained a tangential preoccupation. This is especially true with regard to the actual dilemmas faced by nations attempting to break away from their past and move toward different models of the future. A major gap appears to exist between theoretical perspectives chosen by modern sociology and recurrent dilemmas and concrete restrictions faced by the nonindustrialized world. In part, the paradox which makes of "development" both a central and an esoteric concern within sociology stems from the confluence of two different major themes. One is the century-and-a-half-old recapitulation of major processes of change which occurred in Europe beginning in the 16th century. The other is the more recent comparison between countries that are "developed"-wealthy, industrialized, technologically advanced, militarily powerful, politically stable, etc.-and those that are at different stages of "underdevelopment." The first theme has generated a vast literature around the question, What were the forces which impelled Europe to evolve such drastically

Unity Identity Text Self

Abstract: Understanding the receptivity of literature, how one work admits many readers, begins with an analogy: unity is to text as identity is to self. Unity here means the way all a text’s features can be related through one central theme. Identity describes a person’s sameness within different behaviors as variations on one identity theme (Lichtenstein). To find unity or identity, however, the interpreter himself plays a behavioral variation on his identity theme. In interpreting, his identity re-creates itself as he shapes the text to match his characteristic defenses, fantasies, and coherences. Thus, what a poet says about fictional, political, or scientific texts expresses the same identity theme as the poems he writes. To understand reading, criticism, and any knowing or making in symbols, then, we need to let go the Cartesian craving for objectivity and accept the themes in ourselves with which we construe the world—including literary works.

Being Pakeha now : reflections and recollections of a white native

Abstract: First published in 1985, Michael King's Being Pakeha became a gentle Kiwi classic, a strong reply both to Maori who were asserting their own identity and also to Pakeha who mumbled that they didn t have a strong culture and identity of their own. Being Pakeha Now is an updated edition that reflects on these issues and how they have changed and evolved over the last fifteen years. The theme of Being Pakeha is that white New Zealanders do indeed belong to a strong culture, which is called 'Pakeha' and which is different, strong and definable and worth celebrating. In this revised edition King rewrites the Introduction and updates many of the chapters. In addition, he offers two new chapters, one on his experiences with Moriori and the Chathams and the other on his involvement in the NZ literary community.

Bidding and Auctioning Institutions: Experimental Results

Abstract: Among the laboratory experimental studies of market price behavior, there are numerous experiments designed on the basis of various bidding and auctioning processes of allocation. The theme of this conference will serve as the organizing principle of this paper which presents a summary of several published and previously unpublished experiments in auction and sealed-bid market behavior.

Mission History in Africa: New Perspectives on an Encounter

Abstract: In recent years, the study of mission history has achieved a remarkable vitality, partly owing to the ready availability of material but deriving more fundamentally from a growing integration with the major thrusts of contemporary African historiography. It would seem appropriate at this point to attempt a “progress report” on these accomplishments and to suggest some possible directions for further investigation. From its inception, mission history has paralleled rather closely the larger tendencies of African history generally. Formal examination of the subject was initiated by missionaries and their supporters and gave rise to what might be called the metropolitan-ecclesiastical school of mission history. Focused on European strategies for the planting of Christianity in Africa and on the heroic missionary efforts to implement these plans, this literature hardly spoke to the theme of encounter at all. In this respect, it resembled the early colonial history which saw Africa as a stage on which Europeans of all kinds played out their interests and their fantasies. Taking vigorous exception to this view of the African past was what might loosely be called the nationalist perspective in African historiography, which emerged strongly in the 1950s and the 1960s. In consonance with this new emphasis on African initiative, historians of mission activity began to probe the ways in which African perceptions and reactions conditioned the pattern of mission expansion, the extent to which evangelization was an accomplishment of African catechists rather than European missionaries, and the kinds of protests that were generated against mission policy and attitudes.

The great feast of language in Love's labour's lost

Abstract: This book contends that in Love's Labour's Lost Shakespeare sought to discover the ways in which the imagination uses and abuses language. The author's critical reading shows that the characters are endowed with a wide variety of rhetorical disguises. Each assumes that his verbal and social point of view is correct, and the limitations and virtues of each viewpoint are explored as the drama unfolds. In an elegant examination of theme and style, Professor Carroll heightens the reader's awareness of Shakespeare's marvellously inventive use of language. The author analyzes the different kinds of style, the characters' attitudes toward language, the play's theatrical modes, the frequent metamorphoses, and the debates. The term "debate"-justified by Shakespeare's use of the medieval conflictus-relates to both theme and structure. The author finds that the conflicting theories about the proper relation of language and imagination are resolved stylistically and thematically only in the final Debate between Spring and Winter, where the playwright reasserts the nature and value of good art. Originally published in 1976. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Seneca's Apocolocyntosis as a Possible Source for Erasmus' Julius Exclusus

Abstract: T HE Julius exclusus has generated a good deal of attention on the part of twentieth-century scholarship, especially since the publication of Wallace K. Ferguson's critical edition in 1933.1 Primary interest has centered on the debate concerning the authorship of the dialogue, with the prevailing scholarly opinion assigning the work unequivocally to Erasmus.2 According to the present consensus, Erasmus composed the Julius at some point between the death of Pope Julius II in February 1513 and his departure from England for Basel in July 1514. The work was known to members of Erasmus' circle by August 1516 and was first published in 1517.3 With the issue of authorship and dating settled to their general satisfaction, Erasmian scholars have recently begun to direct their attention to the substance of the Julius, particularly its ecclesiology.4 On the other hand, the investigation of Erasmus' possible sources for the work has received comparatively sketchy treatment. So far, there has been no study specifically devoted to the analysis of the models on which Erasmus might have drawn for the Julius. It has been noted in passing that he was acquainted with Pierre Gringoire and Fausto Andrelini, two contemporary satirists employed by King Louis XII of France to produce anti-papal burlesques, and that he was present in Paris in 1511, when satires written by both of these authors were published.5 One of these works, whose theme bears on that of the

Surrey's Five Elegies: Rhetoric, Structure, and the Poetry of Praise

Abstract: IN HIS ESSAY on the rhetorical conventions of what he calls the "Renaissance personal elegy," A. L. Bennett cites the Earl of Surrey's Excellent Epitaffe on Sir Thomas Wyatt as the first example of that important subgenre.1 Years earlier W. J. Courthope had called Surrey's lament for the Duke of Richmond, "So crewell prison," "the most pathetic personal elegy in English poetry" (his italics).2 The two statements do not conflict, of course; Bennett's use of the term is historical and structural while Courthope's is impressionistic. The real value of juxtaposing the two comments lies in their implications about the range and variety of Surrey's accomplishments as an elegiac poet, and in what those implications might contribute to a proper assessment of his modern reputation. He wrote three other poems that also must be considered "elegies" :3 a sonnet on Thomas Clere, beginning "Norfolk sprang thee," and two sonnets on Wyatt, "Dyvers thy death" and "In the rude age."4 Two of the five, the Epitaffe ("Wyat resteth here" and "Norfolk sprang thee") exemplify rather clearly the two main types of structure approved for epideictic praise by rhetorical tradition. The other three do not, but their apparent departure from convention can be explained at least in part by both the real and rhetorical situations out of which they grew: unlike the epitaphs on Wyatt and Clere, they are not explicitly public tributes; the two Wyatt sonnets amplify a satiric theme introduced late in the Epitaffe, while the poem on Richmond is perhaps, as Courthope's statement implies, a very private, personal lament. That is not to say that the EpitaJfe and "So crewell prison" demonstrate the difference between cold convention and spontaneous overflow. Anyone at all familiar with Renaissance literary theory and practice is aware of the intimate relationship between apparently "original" sixteenth-century poems and the rhetorical handbooks; the differ-

Forms and Explanation in the Phaedo

Abstract: In a well-known passage at Phaedo 100 c Socrates declares that "if anything else is beautiful besides Beauty itself, it is beautiful for no other reason than because it partakes of that Beauty". With that statement he advances the hypothesis of Forms in an effort to prove that the soul is immortal but also, apparently incidentally to that central theme, to expound his own view of "causation" (r'v .t'VLav w ehLuLe)J1 The section of the dialogue in which the Platonic Socrates is made to recount his early inquiries into natural philosophy, and which provides the context of the quotation, contains Plato's most explicit statement of the explanatory role of the Forms. It is that function of the Platonic Form, as set forth at Phaedo 95 e-106 e, which I propose to examine in this paper. More specifically my question will be: What is the force of the claim that the eidos is aitia? The method I follow in trying to answer that question is dictated by the observation that the hypothesis of Forms is presented in that context as a solution to certain vexing problems. My inquiry therefore falls into two main sections in which I pose the following questions: What is the nature of the problems set forth in relevant passages of the Phaedo, and how

Shaw: The Critical Heritage

Abstract: This set comprises 40 volumes covering nineteenth and twentieth century European and American authors. These volumes will be available as a complete set, mini boxed sets (by theme) or as individual volumes. This second set compliments the first 68 volume set of Critical Heritage published by Routledge in October 1995.

Anatomy of Wonder: A Critical Guide to Science Fiction

Abstract: Barron's classic work has been updated and reorganized to reflect changes in the genre over the past decade, and meet the needs and tastes of today's readers and those who work with them Renowned experts in the field have contributed to this new edition, providing authoritative historical and contemporary coverage of the best in science fiction Users will find succinct, critical discussions of more than 1,400 SF novels, story collections, and anthologies In addition, there is a comprehensive survey of the secondary literature-books and other resources that discuss fantastic literature, film, and illustration-plus chapters on teaching SF and a directory of libraries containing significant collections of science fiction Titles appropriate for or appealing to teens are noted, as are award-winning titles and titles of literary merit Author, title, and theme indexes provide additional points of access An essential tool for collection development, research, and reference, this book also supports readers' advisory work Young adult and adult Grades 9 and up

A Behavioral Framework for the Study of Human Disease

Abstract: A frame of reference for studying human disease is presented. An individual's social behavior serves as the orienting theme. Special forms of social behavior are in effect what tie an indi...

Stylistics and the Theory of Literature

Abstract: WHILE NO DOUBT meaning many other things, the title of this paper suggests two main topics: (1) the place of stylistics in any overall theory of literary study; (2) the nature of stylistics and its possible contribution to certain branches of literary theory and practice. The first is concerned with the role of stylistics in any classification of literary study.1 The second raises the question of what stylistics can contribute to particular aspects of literary theory-metrics, poetics, genre, figures of speech, structural organization, topoi, theme investigation, and, above all, literary evaluation. We shall be mainly concerned with the second topic in this paper.

Role of lysosomes in vascular disease: a unifying theme.

Abstract: Recently, attention has been directed to the importance of the vascular smooth muscle cell in the initiation and progression of vascular disease, particularly atherosc1erosi.s. The activities of this “multipotential cell” include proliferation, synthesis of mural connective tissue components, migration, and accumulation of lipid and other materials found in the lesion.’ The use of modern investigative techniques has given impetus toward elucidating details of each of these activities. For example, platelet factors have been identified that stimulate proliferation of smooth muscle cells in vitro,2 and specific “typing” of the various collagens found in the vessel wall is leading to new insights into plaque f ~ r m a t i o n . ~ Disruption of the single-layered endothelial lining of the arterial tree may derive from a variety of insults, h e m ~ d y n a m i c , ~ toxic,” and immunologic,6 among other^,^ with resulting marked increases in permeability. In fact, it appears that certain regions have chronically increased permeability, as assessed by intravenously injected tracers8 One major result must be the exposure of underlying mural smooth muscle cells to increased amounts of many circulating plasma components, one group of which is the lipoproteins. The smooth muscle cell is thus presented with unusual levels of materials that, if internalized, must be catabolized or otherwise dealt with metabolically. In vessels exposed to hypertensiong or those already involved with minor atherosclerotic lesions,’O altered permeability is established and may be a factor in perpetuation and worsening of the vascular lesion. Experimental hypertension appears to be a useful model with which to investigate the above-outlined sequence of events. In rats with renal clip-induced hypertension, smooth muscle cells are not only exposed to an influx of plasmatic materials but the increased mechanical tension serves also to increase their metabolic needs and to provoke cell degeneration and In vessels such as the aorta, lysosomal activity is markedly increased, whether assessed by light and ultrastructural histochemistry or by biochemical measurement of lysosomal enzymes.’* Presumably, this increase reflects stimulation of the cellular “disposal system” by the internalization of large amounts of material. Increase in number and size of lysosomes in these cells, accompanied by increased cell degeneration, carries the potential risk of exacerbating the degenerative process by release of these organelles and their highly destructive enzymes into the vessel wall matrix. Modification of this lysosomal response has been possible through prior treatment of male hypertensive rats with 17-8-estradiol or methylpredni~olone.’~ In these cases, hypertension levels remain just as high as those in nontreated animals and endothelial damage is just as severe; however, the lysosomal response is completely blocked (estrogen) or nearly is (methylprednisolone). Interestingly, animals thus

William Faulkner : the critical heritage

Abstract: This set comprises of 40 volumes covering nineteenth and twentieth century European and American authors. These volumes will be available as a complete set, mini boxed sets (by theme) or as individual volumes. This second set compliments the first 68 volume set of Critical Heritage published by Routledge in October 1995.

Propagator Theory of Atomic and Molecular Structure

Abstract: When I accepted the invitation to speak at this conference, the organizers suggested that the title of my presentation should read “Methods Without Wavefunctions.” Since I will present only some aspects of this subject employing the ideas of propagator theory, it might be appropriate to start this introduction with a few brief remarks on the general topic of methods without wavefunctions before concentrating on the central theme as given in the title of this paper.

The evolution of jude the obscure

Abstract: It is this evolution of the story in its early stages which concerns me: I believe that the manuscript evidence does not show such a change, but rather that the story starts off already concerned with the relationship between Sue and Jude and with their possible marriage. Furthermore, it seems also to show that the stringency of the laws concerned Hardy only superficially, and that in dealing with marriage he was engrossed by the nature of the human relationship. Nor does it seem adequate to describe the academic theme merely as struggle and failure: Jude aspires to and to some extent struggles for a delusion and the academic world itself is ironically criticized. In the Preface to the first edition2 we are given the bare bones of the novel's composition, and these can be fleshed out as follows. In I887 the notes were written; in 1890 the woman died and her death suggested some of the circumstances. The death referred to is undoubtedly that of Hardy's cousin Tryphena Sparks, which he mentions in the Life in a note for 5 March I890:

Introduction to the theme: sociomedical health indicators.

Abstract: This issue of the Journal is devoted to expositions by some active investigators of their current work on sociomedical health indicators. It will be seen that their work, concededly in various stages of early development, has begun to move from conceptualization to operationalization. Dissatisfaction with the limitations of conventional biomedical measures of mortality and morbidity is no longer enough (1, 2). Snide commentary on the vagueness of the humanitarian definition of health presented by the World Health Organization should also be passe. The contents of this volume demonstrate that serious efforts to breathe some life into the WHO definition are fmally being made. The use of the term “sociomedical health indicators” requires some explanation. We use it primarily to distinguish those dimensions of health which are primarily social from those which are primarily physiological. To be sure, all of the indicators considered here have been, and continue to be, matters of medical concern; and all have a physiological basis. At the same time, our goal is not merely to address, but rather to emphasize societal concerns with the effects of deviations from physiological states deemed desirable from a medical point of view, and furthermore, to develop measures which reflect these societal concerns. Among the desiderata for sociomedical measures is that they be applicable not only to individuals, but also to large aggregates of individuals, such as workers in particular industries, persons covered by insurance schemes, and populations of communities, states, and nations. In short, it is hoped that these measures will eventually be useful as social indicators. Not all of the measures considered here have arrived as yet at that advanced happy state, although some are more immediately applicable than others, e.g. the measure of “reproductive efficiency” proposed by health economist Charlotte Muller and coworkers. It will be noted that the authors are, in the main, either doctors of medicine or doctors of philosophy, but predominantly the latter. The doctors of medicine-Katz, Wolfe, and Martini-have all been involved in collaboration with social scientists in research on health services; in particular, the relation of health services to health status. Perforce they have had to conceive and develop sociomedical or sociobiological

The Alternatives of Melville's "Bartleby"

Abstract: N RECENT YEARS Herman Melville's "Bartleby, the Scrivener" has attracted its share of critics, many of whom have rightly proclaimed the tale to be an ingenious treatment of the theme of freedom and limitation. Nevertheless, two questions of preeminent importance remain unanswered: What is the precise nature of Bartleby's revolt? And how ought we to characterize the narrator's response to his mysterious clerk? It seems to me that we can most easily answer these questions if we approach Melville's tale contextually. The Herman Melville of 1853 was, after all, hardly an illiterate sailor; and no small portion of his knowledge of philosophy, theology, and literature appears to have gone into the making of "Bartleby." If we disregard this knowledge and slight the tale's intellectual roots, we shall inevitably miss much of the author's meaning; in fact, however diligently we may examine the story's surface, we shall continue, I think, to muddle through "Bartleby" as readers and to lapse into an embarrassing vagueness as critics. To be sure, a handful of scholars have endeavored to explore the tale's context. Yet those who have investigated the philosophical backgrounds-those backgrounds to be treated here-have failed thus far to recognize the care with which Melville read his sources and the precision with which he used them in "Bartleby." To understand the contextual basis of Melville's tale is only to make a beginning: we must be prepared to devote a good deal of attention to what may at first seem thoroughly irrelevant and obscure materials if our scholarship is to aid us in interpreting "Bartleby." But happily the critical payoffs are there: a brief consideration of Melville's sources not only sheds

Antidemocratic Emphasis in White-Jacket

Abstract: O NE OF THE MOST DISTINCTIVE FEATURES of Herman Melville's White-jacket (I850) is its fervent democratic tone. In numerous rhetorical passages Melville's narrator, White-Jacket, passionately affirms the inherent dignity and equality of the common sailors, the "people," and castigates the naval officers who lord it over the "people" and subject them to indignity and injustice. The speeches condemning flogging are particularly impassioned, and in Melville's works only Ishmael's prayer at the end of the first "Knights and Squires" chapter of Moby-Dick expresses Melville's "ruthless democracy on all sides"' with comparable explicitness and force. Understandably, the democratic tone of White-Jacket has been emphasized by many critics. For example, Henry W. Wells, who views Melville as a great humanitarian seeking to ameliorate the hardships of the underprivileged and submerged classes, states that in White-Jacket "most clearly of all we see the champion of the forecastle and the friend of social reform."2 William Ellery Sedgwick stresses that "the whole force and direction of [White-Jacket] is prompted by the human heart's democracy," and he finds that "in no other of [Melville's] books is there such a cordial glow of fellow feeling, and such a ripe humanity."' Similarly, Ray B. Browne declares that the novel "throbs with Melville's concern for the world, society, and for humanity," and he identifies the most important theme in the book as "the conflict between the officers on

Style's Hoax: A Reading of Djuna Barnes's Nightwood

Abstract: Judging by its modest six or so appearances in the MLA Bibliography Djuna Barnes's Nightwood has meant a good deal less to literary critics than it has to some contemporary novelists. Admittedly it is a peculiar book by a writer whose other works (some interesting if precious early short fiction and the impenetrable verse drama, Antiphon) are less than inviting. Nightwood itself is most often remembered for its high reputation with writers like T. S. Eliot. Apart from this sort of recognition it is examined either as a cache of modernism or, because it is rather tangled and obscure, it is sometimes rewarded with an extravagant explication de texte.' In short, it has not been much appreciated by critics while among novelists, notably Hawkes and Pynchon, it resonates. Hawkes picks up on the blighted landscape and the fictive detachment which allows Barnes to make comedy of violence, and Pynchon parodies her style in V while attending closely to her view of history as a bowdlerized version of human damnation. These correspondences are not so much influences as affinities, and the most salient of them is the writer's suspicion of the morality of writing itself. It is this suspicion which causes Hawkes to observe that Djuna Barnes assumed a "prophetic role in reverse," by which he probably meant that she used the experimental techniques of her novel to break down the conventions of characterization and relationships in order to get back to "the tangled seepage of our earliest recollections and originations."2 Throughout Nightwood the theme of de-evolution or of bowing down ("Bow Down" is the title of the first section and was originally meant to be the title for the whole book) has implications for the act of writing. The book itself moves backward.