Showing papers on "Thermal power station published in 1982"

Conversion of coal to electricity

Abstract: Utilizing air, rather than oxygen, to convert coal to synthesis gas containing very high proportions of inert nitrogen; subjecting this entire gas, possibly with intermediate cleanup, e.g., sulfur removal, to conversion over a special metal-zeolite catalyst to produce a product comprising C 5 to C 11 normally liquid hydrocarbons, a gas containing C 1 to C 4 hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide and large proportions of nitrogen, and an aqueous product comprising water; utilizing the gas product to run electric power generation equipment, such as a direct fired turbine, at base load levels; storing and accumulating the liquid product; and intermittently using the liquid product for electric power generation to meet higher than base loads, including peak load situations.

Coal-oxygen process provides CO/sub 2/ for enhanced recovery

Abstract: A description is given of a process which is based on the production of CO/sub 2/ in electric power plants that burn coal in an O/sub 2/-CO/sub 2/ mixture (not air). The process eliminates the need for flue gas desulfurization and carbon dioxide purification required in more conventional approaches to recovery from flue gases. It is environmentally attractive because CO/sub 2/ is not vented to the atmosphere and because, relative to flue gas recovery, the thermal efficiency of the power plant is improved. The analysis indicates that CO/sub 2/ could be delivered at economically attractive prices from sources within several hundred miles of EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) sites. 13 refs.

Method and system for maintaining operating temperatures in a molten salt co-generating unit

Abstract: A method of operating a co-generating steam supply system having two units, the second of which utilizes a molten-salt primary heat transfer fluid, is disclosed for utilizing the steam produced by the first unit for maintaining selected component operating temperatures in the second unit during periods when the second unit is not producing steam. The steam generator of the second unit is maintained at operating temperature by reversing the fluid flow through both the shell and tube sides. The reverse flow of molten salt is in heat exchange relation with the reverse flow of steam drawn from the steam flow line of the first unit.

Combined plant having steam turbine and gas turbine connected by single shaft

Abstract: A combined plant including a gas turbine (5), a steam turbine (8) and a waste heat recovery boiler (13) using exhaust gases of the gas turbine as a heat source for producing steam serving as a drive source of the steam turbine further Includes an ancillary steam source (30) separate from and independent of the waste heat recovery boiler. At the time of startup of the plant, steam from the ancillary steam source is introduced into the steam turbine until the conditions for feeding air to the waste heat recovery boiler are set, to thereby avoid overheating of the steam turbine due to a windage loss.

Catalytic pollution control system for gas turbine exhaust

Abstract: A steam and gas turbine (STAG) plant employs a catalyst in a heat recovery steam generator to react injected ammonia with NO x from the combustor of the gas turbine to reduce atmospheric emission of NO x from the system. Rapid control of ammonia injection is achieved using a prediction of the NO x being generated in dependence upon the operating conditions of the combustor. A trimming signal from a measurement of NO x being emitted from the heat recovery steam generator downstream of the catalyst is employed to complete the NO x control loop.

Ammonia control system for NOx emission control for gas turbine exhaust

Abstract: A steam and gas turbine combined cycle plant STAG* employs a catalyst in a heat recovery steam generator to react injected ammonia with NO x from the combustor of the gas turbine to reduce atmospheric emission of NO x from the system. Rapid control of ammonia injection is achieved using a prediction of the NO x being generated in dependence upon the operating conditions of the combustor. A trimming signal from a measurement of NO x being emitted from the heat recovery steam generator downstream of the catalyst is employed to complete the NO x control loop. Compensation is provided to relate the measured NO x downstream of the catalyst with the NO x in the output of the gas turbine taking into account the catalyst efficiency.

Method of steam cooling a gas generator

Abstract: A reheat gas and double reheat steam turbine combined cycle is provided in which the outer compressor shell and gas generator turbine are cooled with steam to control tip clearance of the rotating blades of the compressor and gas generator turbine with the respective shells which confine the blading. Steam cooling of the gas generator turbine blading as well as the low and high pressure gas generator shafts are also provided.

Downhole vapor generator and method of operation

Abstract: Disclosed is a method and apparatus for generating high pressure steam within a well bore. The steam vapor generator is constructed for receiving and mixing high pressure water, fuel and oxidant in a down-hole configuration. High pressure water is received within a heat exchanger constructed around a combustion chamber in an annular sleeve configuration and heated through a thermal wall region forming a lower portion thereof. The combustion chamber utilizes the heat energy of radiation to heat the water flowing in the annular sleeve to the point of steam. The heat exchanger further includes a series of open ended flow tubes which triplicate the length of the flow path of the water prior to egressing from the sleeve. A collection chamber is provided beneath the combustion chamber in communication with the heat exchanger for the mixing of the high pressure vapor and the exhaust thereof into the adjacent well formation.

Hot-water storage type power generating unit

Abstract: A hot-water storage type power generating unit includes a first tank coupled to a power generating system having a generator, a hot water producting unit for heating medium-temperature water from the first tank with exhaust heat from external equipment to produce high-temperature water, and a second tank for storing the high-temperature water from the hot water producing unit. The high-temperature water is supplied from the second tank to the power generating system for generating electric power to meet peak load demands. The power generating system includes a rotary separator turbine rotatable by the high-temperature water from the second tank for separating steam from the high-temperature water, and a steam turbine rotatable by the steam from the rotary separator turbine, the generator being operatively coupled with the steam turbine for being rotated thereby.

Method and apparatus for compressing gas

Abstract: The fuel required to provide the energy for compressing a gas can be reduced by compressing the gas substantially adiabatically through a pressure ratio of at least 2.5:1 in a compressor (110), cooling the hot compressed gas by heat exchange (120) with water at superatmospheric pressure, further heating (103) the water to produce super-heated steam and using the superheated steam to drive the compressor. The total amount of fuel consumed can be considerably lass than that used for compressing gas conventionally (i.e. substantially isothermally).

Energy efficient multi-stage water gas shift reaction

Abstract: A process for the energy efficient conduct of a multi-stage water gas shift reaction includes furnishing a carbon monoxide-containing feed gas stream at an inlet temperature of at least 600° F. and water to a high-temperature shift reactor stage to produce a carbon dioxide and hydrogen enriched exhaust gas stream and introducing the exhaust gas stream to a low-temperature shift reactor stage at an inlet temperature of about 300°-500° F. to produce a product gas stream further enriched in carbon dioxide and hydrogen. A heat exchange fluid is passed in heat exchange relationship with at least the feed and exhaust gas streams to recover thermal energy therefrom by concurrently cooling the gas streams and heating the heat exchange fluid. Desirably, a water heat exchange fluid is heated by the gas streams to superheated steam which is expanded through a steam turbine coupled to a generator to produce electrical energy and the steam turbine exhaust steam is directed to the high temperature shift reactor to provide the water feed thereto.

ATHOS: a computer program for thermal-hydraulic analysis of steam generators. Volume 3. User's manual. [PWR]

Abstract: ATHOS (Analysis of the Thermal Hydraulics of Steam Generators) is a computer code developed by CHAM of North America Incorporated, under the contract RP 1066-1 from the Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California. ATHOS supersedes the earlier code URSULA2. ATHOS is designed for three-dimensional, steady state and transient analyses of PWR steam generators. The current version of the code has been checked out for: three different configurations of the recirculating-type U-tube steam generators; the homogeneous and algebraic-slip flow models; and full and part load operating conditions.

Combination power plant

Abstract: A combination power plant including an ocean thermal energy conversion power plant and a steam generation power plant. Water discharged from a condenser in the ocean thermal energy conversion power plant is mixed with water discharged from an evaporator in the ocean thermal energy conversion power plant. The mixed water is used as cooling water for a condenser in the steam generation power plant. Part of the water discharged from the condenser in the steam generation power plant is used as heating water for the evaporator in the ocean thermal energy conversion power plant.

Oil field steam production and use

Abstract: A method and apparatus for oil field steam production and use Heated refractory particles are flowed through a steam generator in heat exchange relation with well water to generate steam In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the steam is flowed into a well to heat oil in the well In accordance with another aspect of the invention, the refractory particles are heated by flowing through a solar receiver in heat exchange relation with solar radiation

Fuel cell power generation system and method of operating the same

Abstract: A fuel cell power generation system in which the temperature of fuel cells is held constant irrespective of the load level of the cells, and waste energy is effectively recovered, that is, heat generated by fuel cells or a hydrogen producing device is temporarily stored, thereby to absorb the fluctuations of generated heat attendant upon the load fluctuation of the fuel cells and also to generate steam required in the hydrogen producing device by the use of the stored heat. When the heat generated by the cells is little as in a low load operation or a stand-by state, the stored heat is used for heating so as to allow power to be generated immediately upon a load demand.

Gas turbine-steam power plant

Abstract: The pressure vessel of the gas turbine-steam power plant is provided with a recuperator and a heat exchanger in order to reduce the temperature of the hot flue gas before separating out gas-entrained particles. The dust separator is connected to the recuperator on a secondary side so that the hot gas can be reheated for delivery to the gas turbine. By cooling the flue gas before entering the separator, use can be made of electrostatic dust filters or cloth filters.

Integrated two stage coking and steam cracking process and apparatus therefor

Abstract: The invention relates to an improvement in an integrated, two stage coking and steam cracking process for the production of unsaturated light hydrocarbons. A heavy hydrocarbonaceous oil is first coked in a fluidized bed coking zone. The vaporous conversion product is passed to a dilute phase. High temperature cracking in the presence of steam is carried out on the vaporous coker conversion product by injecting into the vapors a stream of hot coke particles at a sufficient temperature and in sufficient amount to raise the coker vapors to steam cracking temperature and supply the endothermic heat of reaction. Solids are separated from product gas in a gas-solids separation zone such as one or more cyclones and sent to the fluid coking zone and the gas is quenched to stop olefin degradation reactions. According to the improvement, relatively low temperature steam is introduced into contact with the separated solids to superheat the steam and cool the solids. Suitably this is effected in a riser on the cyclone dipleg. The solids, after having given up heat to the steam, pass into the coking zone and the superheated steam passes into the dilute phase and serves as part of the dilution steam therefor. Conservation of fuel and mitigation of coke on reactor walls and equipment are advantages of the process.

System for heating and utilizing fluids

Abstract: Disclosed are methods and apparatus for the controlled heating and utilization of fluids by the use of vapor generators of the kind in which a flowing fuel/air mixture is combusted for heating a stream of feedwater to produce a stream of steam and non-condensibles, preferably at low pressure. The hot stream is then heat exchanged with a stream of the fluid desired to be heated and utilized, to heat it to the level desired for use, including partly or completely vaporizing it, if the use so requires. The fluid may be divided into two or more streams during the heat exchange, with different amounts of heat delivered into each stream. Preferably, the heat exchange is so conducted as to condense the steam from the stream of steam and non-condensibles, and the condensate so formed is selectively recycled to the vapor generator as feedwater. Also, disclosed are means for incorporating a feedback control network including remotely actuatable valves, temperature sensors and related feedback devices for utilizing the steam of heated fluid for commercial heating of petroleum reservoirs and pipelines as well as comfort heating of living spaces.

Coal gasification for electric power generation.

Abstract: The electric utility industry is being severely affected by rapidly escalating gas and oil prices, restrictive environmental and licensing regulations, and an extremely tight money market. Integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants have the potential to be economically competitive with present commercial coal-fired power plants while satisfying stringent emission control requirements. The current status of gasification technology is discussed and the critical importance of the 100-megawatt Cool Water IGCC demonstration program is emphasized.

Xenon suppression in a nuclear fuelled electric power generation system

Abstract: The fissile inventory required in operating a negative power coefficient nuclear reactor in an electric power generating system is reduced by cycling the load imposed on the system when 100% power can no longer be maintained at equilibrium due to xenon poisoning in order to induce an oscillation in the xenon concentration which is in antiphase wtih the power requirements so that 100% power can be maintained at least during part of the day. The load can be progressively reduced by a preset amount each night or a xenon suppression controller which forecasts the xenon reactivity at the time selected for a return to full power as a function reactor history, current reactor flux and an arbitrary load schedule can be used to determine the maximum reduced power level that will permit operation at full power at the selected time.

The Reheat Gas Turbine With Steam-Blade Cooling—A Means of Increasing Reheat Pressure, Output, and Combined Cycle Efficiency

Abstract: The reheat (RH) pressure can be appreciably increased by applying steam cooling to the gas-generator (GG) turbine blading which in turn allows a higher RH firing temperature for a fixed exhaust temperature. These factors increase gas turbine output and raise combined-cycle efficiency. The GG turbine blading will approach “uncooled expansion efficiency”. Eliminating cooling air increases the gas turbine RH pressure by 10.6 percent. When steam is used (injected) as the blade coolant, additional GG work is also developed which further increases the RH pressure by another 12.0 percent to yield a total increase of approximately 22.6 percent. The 38-cycle pressure ratio 2400° F (1316° C) TIT GG studied produces a respectable 6.5 power turbine expansion ratio. The higher pressure also noticeably reduces the physical size of the RH combustor. This paper presents an analysis of the RH pressure rise when applying steam to blade cooling.

Nuclear power reactor applications of high gradient magnetic filtration

Abstract: Tnis paper will review the present status and future prospects for applications of high gradient magnetic filters to water-cooled nuclear power plants. A brief summary of tests performed at installation world-wide in support of nuclear applications and specifically the author's work at the United States Department of Energy's N Reactor will be presented. Filtration of both the primary and secondary coolant circuits of power reactors to remove impurities, will have significant effects on both direct operating costs and personnel radiological exposure. All tests to date, indicate that magnetic filtration is the most effective means of removing this particulate material (crud) which is believed to be the basic cause of tube denting problems in PWR steam generators and is the source of the majority of radiological exposure associated with reactor operation.

Bench Scale Testing of Low-NOx LBG Combustors

Abstract: The high efficiencies obtained in a combined gas-turbine/steam-turbine power cycle burning low Btu gas (LBG) make it a potentially attractive alternative to the high sulfur emitting direct coal-fired steam cycle. This paper examines the pressurized bench scale performance of reactors previously demonstrated to produce low NO/sub x/ emissions in atmospheric laboratory scale experiments 16 refs.

Method for combined cycle electrical power generation

Abstract: A method for combined cycle electrical power generation is disclosed wherein electrical power is generated by an electrical generator driven by a gas turbine, which is in turn driven by two gaseous products of a coal gasification process. The first gaseous product is produced with hot char by the reduction of a coal/water slurry by stream in a gasifier. The second gaseous product is produced by oxidation of the hot char in a combustor.

Non-intrusive thermal power monitor and method

Abstract: A non-intrusive thermal power monitor and method for determining the amount of sensible heat withdrawn from or added to a fluid stream flowing in a conduit by an unknown source includes a thermal power transfer device that supplies or removes a known amount of heat energy to the fluid in a conduit. First and second temperature sensors sense the temperature of the fluid stream across the thermal power transfer device, and this information is used to determine a heat capacity rate of the fluid in the fluid stream. Additional non-intrusive temperature sensors sense the temperature of the fluid stream as it passes through and across a thermal power sink or heat source and provides a temperature differential. These temperatures are processed in a control circuit, and the thermal power added to or extracted from the fluid stream is determined in the control circuit by multiplying the measured temperature differential by the heat capacity rate of the fluid stream.

Method and apparatus for producing superheated steam with the heat of catalytic methanization of a synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen

Abstract: Only a part of the synthesis gas supply is passed through a first internally cooled catalytic reactor (1) and the hotter gas coming out of it is reunited with the remaining gas supply for passing through an adiabatic reactor (2) that is followed by a heat exchanger (3) on its way to a second internally cooled reactor (4) in which the methanization reaction is completed. Water is heated up to practically the saturated steam temperature in the cooling system of the last mentioned reactor and is converted to saturated steam in the cooling system of the first internally cooled reactor. The saturated steam is superheated in the above-mentioned heat exchanger. To make the process run more smoothly a steam drum is provided through which the hot water piping between the cooling systems of the two internally cooled reactors runs and the saturated steam is brought into the steam drum and from it to the heat exchanger before it is superheated. Additional heat exchangers are used for first preheating of the water and for two stages of preheating the synthesis gas. Adjustments of the proportion of the synthesis gas that goes through the first internally cooled reactor makes possible a control that assures that the outlet temperature of the adiabatic reactor will not exceed a safety limit required for the stability of the catalyst. No mechanical propulsion, nor compression, of the gas is necessary at any stage, nor any recycling, nor introduction of steam for control of the process.