Showing papers on "Vegetable oil refining published in 1998"

Life cycle inventory of biodiesel and petroleum diesel for use in an urban bus. Final report

Abstract: This report presents the findings from a study of the life cycle inventories for petroleum diesel and biodiesel. It presents information on raw materials extracted from the environment, energy resources consumed, and air, water, and solid waste emissions generated. Biodiesel is a renewable diesel fuel substitute. It can be made from a variety of natural oils and fats. Biodiesel is made by chemically combining any natural oil or fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol. Methanol has been the most commonly used alcohol in the commercial production of biodiesel. In Europe, biodiesel is widely available in both its neat form (100% biodiesel, also known as B1OO) and in blends with petroleum diesel. European biodiesel is made predominantly from rapeseed oil (a cousin of canola oil). In the United States, initial interest in producing and using biodiesel has focused on the use of soybean oil as the primary feedstock mainly because the United States is the largest producer of soybean oil in the world. 170 figs., 148 tabs.

Combustion analysis of coconut oil and its methyl esters in a diesel engine

Abstract: Renewable diesel fuel substitutes need to be developed to fulfil the future energy demands in regions such as the Maldives where traditional petroleum based fuels are scarce or non existent. Therefore, the interest in developing alternative fuels based on locally available raw materials has increased during the past few years. This paper is based mainly on the possible use of coconut oil based fuels that can be produced in the Maldives and can be used in place of diesel fuel. The combustion data of crude coconut oil, coconut oil methyl esters and diesel fuel were compared using, a naturally aspirated single cylinder diesel engine. The engine performed well on the three fuels except for initial engine starting problems with the crude coconut oil. In addition, there was a small reduction in power using coconut oil consistent with the lower calorific value of the fuel. Comparative combustion analysis data together with the emissions for the three fuels are presented.

Total fatty acid analysis of vegetable oil soapstocks by supercritical fluid extraction/reaction

Abstract: Soapstock from vegetable oil refining operations is a value-added by-product that finds further industrial use based on its fatty acid content. Since the fatty acid content of soapstock can vary according to its vegetable oil source or method of refining, determination of its total fatty acid (TFA) by an accurate analytical method is of key importance to purchasers of this refinery by-product. Traditionally, the TFA content of soapstock has been determined by the AOCS Official Method G3-53 based on a gravimetric assay. Unfortunately, this gravimetric-based assay requires considerable time and incorporates a considerable quantity of organic solvent per assay. In this study, the authors have applied supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with an enzymatic-based reaction (SFR), in the presence of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), to determine the TFA content of soapstocks. The SFE/SFR sequence was conducted using two commercially available extractors using an in situ supported lipase in the extraction cell to form fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Gas chromatographic (GC) determination of the individual FAME, followed by quantitation based on the calculated sum of all the fatty acids from the GC analysis, allowed a precise determination to be made of the soapstock’s TFA content. The TFA contents of three different soapstocks determined by this method were slightly higher than the values derived from Official Method G3-53. The reported method takes less than one-half of the time of Official Method G3-53 and reduces organic solvent use from 575 mL to under 2 mL of solvent by using SC-CO2.

Adding biodiesel corn oil and sunflower oil to diesel fuel : the impact on the performance of conventional road vehicles

Abstract: Although the substitution of rapeseed-oil methylesters for conventional diesel fuel is already a commercial practice in many countries of central Europe, the use of biodiesel has not yet been developed in Greece and other Southern Europe countries because of the lack of sufficient rapeseed cultivation. However, vegetable oils of other types, such as sunflower oil and corn oil, are abundant in many Mediterranean areas, and they seem to be attractive candidates for biodiesel applications. In this paper the results of small fleet tests are presented, in which vehicles were fuelled with blends of mineral diesel fuel and sunflower and corn oil biodiesel. It was observed that biodiesel resulted in reduced black-smoke opacity, and no significant increase of engine wear was observed. The drivers were enthusiastic and reported that they noticed no change in vehicle performance.

Vegetable Oil Fatty Acid Methyl Esters as Alternative Diesel Fuels for Commercial Vehicle Engines

Abstract: In addition to describing the current state of knowledge, one of the objectives of the symposium on the subject “Plant oils as Fuels — Present State of Science and Future Developments” was to find an answer to the question as to how plant breeding measures might contribute to providing another market for alternative fuels on the basis of vegetable oils, i.e. help solving problems which currently prevent more comprehensive use of these fuels.

A study on the usability of used vegetable oil as a diesel substitute in diesel engine

Abstract: In recently, lots of researcher have been attached to develope various alternative fuels and to use renewable fuels for solution of the exhaust emission problems. In this study, the usability of used vegetable oil as alternative fuel for diesel engines has been investigated. This paper was compared with the exhaust emissions and performance in diesel engine with used vegetable oil and conventional diesel fuel. Since the vegetable oil includes oxygen of about 10%, it influenced the combustion process strongly. So, the smoke emissions of used vegetable oil were exhausted to be lower than those of diesel fuel. Also, the used vegetable oil was much the same cycle to cycle variation with diesel fuel except d.theta.)max/, but the cycle to cycle variation of used vegetable oil was reduced significantly by preheating of the fuel and swirling of the intake air. It was concluded that used vegetable oil could be utilized effectively as renewable fuel for diesel engine.e.

Direct use of sunflower oil as a heating oil

Abstract: Vegetable oils in particular have exceptional importance since they can be used as a fuel oil (heating oil type) alternative. In this research evaluation, the possibilities of sunflower oil as a heating oil candidate have been investigated. The fuel oil property tests of sunflower oil were performed according to standard methods. An overall evaluation of data indicates that sunflower oil can be proposed as a possible substitute for heating oil.

Base oil for diesel engine fuel oil and fuel oil composition containing the base oil

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a base oil for a diesel engine fuel having properties necessary to exhibit the lubricity improving effect of a lubricity improver and a diesel engine fuel oil prepared by adding a lubricity improver to the base oil. SOLUTION: The base oil has the properties: a sulfur content of 0.03 wt.% or below, a nitrogen content of 35 wt. ppm or below, a density of 0.835 g/cm3 or below, and a solubility parameter of 7.00-8.10. The fuel oil composition is prepared by adding a lubricity improver to the base oil.

Fuelling direct injected diesel engines with 2% biodiesel blend.

Abstract: The Agricultural Engineering Department at the University of Missouri-Columbia has monitored the fueling of a 1996 Dodge pickup truck equipped with a 5.9-L (360-in.3) Cummins engine with a 2% blend of methyl-ester soybean oil (soydiesel/biodiesel) and petroleum diesel fuel (B2) for more than 65,352 km (40,608 miles). The pickup averaged 7.91 km/L (18.61 mile/gal). Analysis of engine lubrication oil suggested that the engine was wearing at a normal rate. Exhaust emissions were measured at Iowa State University. The black exhaust smoke normally observed when a diesel engine accelerates was reduced each time the engine was fueled with B2, but CO, HC, and NOxwere not affected.

Theoretical study of some thermodynamic properties of the fatty acids obtained as distillates coming from the deodorization of vegetable oils

Abstract: Nowadays the feasibility of a change of technology in the deodorization stage of edible vegetable oil refining is being investigated. The proposed technology involves a modification in the composition of the distillates coming from the deodorization stage and their further treatment To design the apparatus which are required by the proposed technology it is necessary to study the physical properties of the distillates. The thermodynamic properties of the fatty acids: palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic, which are the principal components produced at the deodorization stage have been studied. The properties that have been studied were those corresponding to the critical point (critical temperature, pressure and volume), the vapour pressure-temperature relation and the latent heat of vaporisation. Different methods to estimate the above mentioned properties and some experimental published data have been compared.