Showing papers on "Viral Vaccine published in 1979"

Immunization of Pregnant Women with Influenza A/New Jersey/76 Virus Vaccine: Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity in Mother and Infant

Abstract: The safety and immunogenicity of inactivated influenza virus vaccines in pregnant women have not been adequately investigated. In this study, 56 women received inactivated influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. No significant immediate reactions or increased fetal complications were associated with administration of the vaccine. The antibody response of the pregnant women to the vaccine was similar to that of nonpregnant adults. Forty mother-infant pairs were available for antibody surveillance. At delivery, reciprocal antibody titers of greater than or equal to 20 were present in 11 (42%) newborn (cord) sera and 15 (58%) maternal sera. Three months later, sera from only three infants (12%) contained this level of antibody. At six months, the serum of only one infant contained this level of antibody. At six months, the serum of only one infant contained detectable antibodies. Levels of passively transferred antibodies from prior maternal infection with influenza A/Victoria/75 virus also declined rapidly following birth. It is possible that immunization of pregnant women can provide sufficient protection of the newborn infants by transfer of antibodies through the placenta if (1) a more potent influenza vaccine, possibly used with booster dosing, is administered, and (2) the women deliver just prior to or during the influenza season.

Simultaneous Administration of Live, Enteric-Coated Adenovirus Types 4,7, and 21 Vaccines: Safety and Immunogenicity

Abstract: The safety of and the immune response to simultaneous administration of live, enteric-coated adenovirus type 4 (ADV-4), type 7 (ADV-7), and type 21 (ADV-21) vaccines were studied. Volunteers (476 men), randomly assigned to four study groups, received three vaccines (ADV-4, ADV-7, and ADV-21), two vaccines (ADV-4 and ADV-7), one vaccine (ADV-21), or no vaccine (placebo). Subjects were observed for three weeks, and no side effects due to vaccination occured. The percentages of susceptible subjects (those entering the study with a neutralizing antibody titer of less than 1:2 to each vaccine virus received) who seroconverted to ADV-4 were similar in both groups that received ADV-4 vaccine (78% of 77 subjects and 74% of 76). However, in the group that received three vaccines, only 62% of 77 subjects seroconverted to ADV-7, compared with 79% of 76 in the group that received two vaccines (P less than 0.05). Only 58% of 77 subjects in the three-vaccine group seroconverted to ADV-21, compared with 69% of 59 in the group that received one vaccine (P greater than 0.1).

The Association of the Temperature-Sensitive Phenotype with Viral Attenuation in Animals and Humans: Implications for the Development and Use of Live Virus Vaccines

Abstract: Viruses that possess temperature-sensitive mutations are consistently attenuated in vivo compared with the wild-type parental strains. Such temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants are currently used in several live attenuated virus vaccines and have been proposed for use against several additional viral diseases, including influenza. This paper reviews the following: (1) the evidence that the ts mutation itself is responsible for attenuation; (2) experimental infection of animals and humans with ts mutant viruses; (3) the experience of humans with naturally occurring ts mutants; and (4) the rationale for the use of ts mutants in live virus vaccines. In addition, the potential of ts mutants to produce altered patterns of disease is considered. After the known and potential benefits and possible risks involved in the use of ts mutant viruses are weighed, the continuing use and development of vaccines using live attenuated ts virus seems warranted.

Safety and efficacy studies of live- and killed-feline leukemia virus vaccines.

Abstract: The safety and the efficacy of several feline leukemia virus (FeLV) vaccines for 16-week-old kittens were determined. Vaccines were derived from an FL74 lymphoblastoid cell line that has been in continuous tissue culture passage for about 4 years. The vaccines were made from living virus, formaldehyde-inactivated whole FL74 cells, and formaldehyde-inactivated whole virus. The efficacy of each produced vaccine was determined by challenge exposure of vaccinated cats with virulent FeLV. The two formaldehyde-inactivated vaccines were found to be safe for use in kittens. Neither vaccine produce a significant feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen or virus-neutralizing antibody response, nor did they prevent infection with virulent FeLV. The inactivated whole-virus vaccine, however, did substantially decrease the proportion of kittens infected with virulent FeLV that became persistently viremic. In contrast, the whole FL74 cell vaccine did not reduce the number of infected kittens that became persistently viremic. The live-virus vaccine was found to be both safe and efficacious. About a half of the kittens vaccinated with live virus had transient bone marrow infection that lasted from 2 to 4 weeks. Viral antigen was not detected in peripheral blood, and infective virus was not shed in saliva, urine, or feces during the period that the vaccinal virus could be recovered from the bone marrow. In addition, there was no horizontal spread of vaccinal virus from vaccinated to non-vaccinated cagemates. Within several weeks, vaccinated kittens demonstrated no clinical or hematologic abnormalities and had high serum levels of feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen and virus-neutralizing antibody. Kittens vaccinated with living FeLV were resistant to infection with virulent virus.

Comparison of Responses to Influenza A/New Jersey /76-A/Victoria/75 Virus Vaccine Administered Intradermally or Subcutaneously to Adults with Chronic Respiratory Disease

Abstract: Serum HAI (hemagglutination inhibition) antibody responses were compared in two groups of 70 age-matched patients (age range, 17 to 82 years) who were vaccinated with bivalent influenza A/New Jersey/76-A/Victoria/75 whole-virus vaccine. The group that was vaccinated intradermally received 40 chick cell-agglutinating units of each viral antigen in 0.1 ml, and the group that was vaccinated subcutaneously received 200 chick cell-agglutinating units of each antigen in 0.5 ml. The serum HAI antibody response to A/New Jersey/76 antigen was significantly higher in the group that was vaccinated subcutaneously; this difference was particularly evident in patients less than or equal to 50 years old. The serologic response to A/Victoria/75 antigen did not differ significantly between the two groups. Levels of antibody before vaccination indicated previous widespread exposure of patients to influenza A/Victoria/75 virus, but not to influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus. Such differences in prior immunologic experience with a particular strain of influenza virus probably determine whether the intradermal route of vaccination is as effective as, or inferior to, the subcutaneous route.

Pathogenesis of Marek's disease; effect of immunization with inactivated viral and tumor-associated antigens.

Abstract: Inactivated Marek's disease virus-infected chicken kidney cells and inactivated MSB-1 lymphoblastoid Marek's disease tumor cells were used to immunize chickens as virus- and tumor-associated antigens, respectively. Immune and nonimmune birds were then challenged by exposure to live virulent Marek's disease virus. Both vaccines protected significant numbers of chickens (P less than 0.05) against subsequent tumor development, although viral antigen appeared superior to tumor antigen. After challenge, the early appearance of viral antigen, infected lymphocytes, and degenerative changes in lymphoid organs was inhibited only by the viral antigen vaccine, whereas the early appearance of cells bearing tumor antigen was prevented by both vaccines. These results support the hypothesis that effective immunity in Marek's disease could be directed against either virus replication and spread or events associated with transformation and proliferation of lymphoid cells.

An attenuated strain of Akabane virus: a candidate for live virus vaccine.

Abstract: An attempt was made to attenuate the high virulent OBE-1 strain of Akabane virus by adaptation to low temperature. In it the virus was subjected to passage through HmLu-1 cell cultures at 30 degrees C. Cloning was carried out on the virus which had undergone 20 passages through these cultures to select a strain adapted to low temperature. Finally, ten clones were obtained. As a result, nine strains of clone in which virus replication was poor in HmLu-1 cell cultures at 40 degrees C were obtained. Of them, five strains of clone produced uniform plaques. Of these strains, one, or the TS-C2 strain, was selected. It was considerably lower both in peripheral infectivity to suckling mice and in intracerebral infectivity to 3-week-old mice than the OBE-1 strain. Calves and pregnant cows inoculated with the TS-C2 strain by the intracerebral, intravenous, or subcutaneous route were free from pyrexia, leukopenia, and viremia. Virus recovery was negative from various organs and fetuses. All the animals inoculated, however, were found to have neutralizing antibody produced. The results mentioned above suggested that the TS-C2 strain might have been so attenuated as to be available as a candidate strain for a live virus vaccine.

Duck virus hepatitis: serial passage of attenuated virus in ducklings.

Abstract: The safety of three attenuated virus vaccines of proven efficacy against duck virus hepatitis was assessed by controlled laboratory studies which involved the serial transmission of the virus through groups of two-day-old ducklings known to be susceptible to the disease. Each vaccine was initially derived from a different source. Enhancement of virulence which resulted in deaths from the disease in test groups of ducklings occurred in each instance.

Persistence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis--infectious pustular vulvovaginitis virus in the respiratory and genital tract of cattle.

Abstract: After the exposure of 19 animals to a strain of IBR-IPV field virus all of them developed neutralising antibodies. When they were treated with immunosuppressive drugs two months later all of them shed virus from the respiratory and/or genital tract beginning on day 2 after the treatment started. Two of them had to be killed shortly afterwards due to uncontrollable bacterial infections. The remaining 17 animals were then divided in three groups and twice vaccinated with a live attenuated or an inactivated vaccine (with or without adjuvant). Seven months after the field virus inoculation, the animals were again treated with an immunosuppressive drug in the presence of 13 contact controls, 8 of which had already specific virus neutralising antibodies. It was shown that the virus shed must have been field virus because all three groups of animals acted as spreader of the virus causing either sickness or a booster effect in the majority of the contact controls. It is therefore concluded that vaccination after exposure to IBR-IPV field virus does not lead to virus-free animals.

A field trial with a multicomponent inactivated respiratory viral vaccine.

Abstract: An inactivated virus vaccine containing strains of parainfluenza type 3 (PI3), bovine adenovirus type 3, reovirus type 1, bovine virus diarrhoea (BVD) and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) viruses was tested in a group of 58 calves reared in a semi-intensive management system. Following vaccination, 1/30, 14/30 and 17/30, showed significant rises in antibody titre to reovirus type 1, adenovirus type 3 and IBR respectively. None of the animals showed significant serological response to PI 3 and BVD. In the control group, 2/28, 1/28, 6/28 and 3/28 developed antibody responses to reovirus type 1, BVD, adenovirus type 3 and IBR respectively. Microbiological examination revealed the presence of a wide variety of commensal bacteria and Mycoplasma bovirhinis in both groups. Analysis of the records of clinical examinations indicated that the respiratory tract infections occurred among the calves at between 50 and 80 days after arrival at the farm, and that there was no significant difference between the test and the control groups. A number of animals had maternal antibodies to the various components of the vaccine present before the trial commenced and these antibodies appeared to interfere with the subsequent serological response to the antigen challenge. The vaccination schedule recommended by the manufacturer does not entirely circumvent this problem.

Persistence in humans of antibody after immunization with four alphavirus vaccines.

Abstract: Immunization with attenuated VEE virus vaccine resulted in persistence of neutralizing antibody for 12 years. Immunization with inactivated WEE vaccine converted 83% of the subjects, killed EEE vaccine converted 27% and killed Chikungunya vaccine induced no significant titers. Antibody formed as a result of immunization with inactivated vaccines was of short duration, i.e. less than 1 year. Attenuated VEE was responsible for some heterologous antibody rises to the other three alphaviruses. Among the inactivated vaccines WEE and Chikungunya vaccines produced one heterologous rise each to EEE virus.

Cell substrates for biologics production: factors affecting acceptability.

Abstract: At the present time, the viral vaccines licensed for use in humans in the United States are produced in cells derived from a wide variety of sources. Table 1 shows the specific cell system for each vaccine and the year in which the vaccine was licensed. To some degree the cell type used for a given vaccine reflects the available technology at the time of licensure, and the then current consensus on what constituted an acceptable cell source. The classic example, of course, is poliovirus vaccine. Primary rhesus monkey kidney cultures were used initially. With the discovery of SV-40 as a rhesus agent capable of contaminating the vaccine, primary African green monkey kidney cell culture became the substrate of choice. More recently, diploid cells of human origin have been used to produce poliovirus vaccine, thus introducing an alternate acceptable cell substrate for vaccine production. Because new data have been developed at a rapid rate over the past decade in the biological sciences, and because there has been a large experience with cells from a variety of sources in vaccine production, it is of interest to examine which criteria are of major importance in assessing the acceptability of cells. The purpose of this discussion is to review those major criteria of acceptability which have been applied to cells used in biologics production up to the present time, and to critically analyze the logic and reasonableness of those criteria in the context of the general knowlege that is currently available in the biological sciences as well as the general experience with vaccines produced in a variety of cell types. The focus will be on cell lines rather than on both cell lines and primary cultures, since the use of primary cultures will be covered in depth by Dr. Parks, and I am sure that during the course of this symposium there will be many opportunities for us to discuss the issues relating to primary cell cultures.

Immunology of Persistent and Recurrent Viral Infections

Abstract: The development and widespread use of live attenuated and killed viral vaccines has reduced the incidence of epidemics due to acute viral diseases and has shifted the focus of attention to the role of viruses in chronic, persistent and recurrent viral infections. Chronic progressive diseases may be caused by conventional viruses as in measles and rubella, or by unconventional slow viruses as in kuru and Creutzfeldt—Jakob disease (CJD). These agents may persist in the host for periods of months or years causing little or no clinical signs or pathological changes. Technical advances in the study of virus-cell interactions at the cellular and molecular levels have served to enhance our understanding of the host-parasite relationship in persistently infected cells.

Combined vaccination of cats against panleucopenia and rabies.

Abstract: In a previous paper [3], we demonstrated that it was possible to vaccinate cats with a combined vaccine against Panleucopenia and Rabies The purpose of this paper is to sum up the tests for safety and potency, carried out in cats vaccinated with a new combined vaccine against Panleucopenia and Rabies This vaccine is different from that mentioned in the previous paper The new Rabies vaccine is a vaccine adjuvanted by aluminium hydroxide First of all, we shall examine the means and methods implemented and then, present the comparative results obtained with the two types of Rabies vaccine (whether adjuvanted or not) combined with the Panleucopenia live vaccine

The efficacy of two commercial feline rhinotracheitis-calicivirus-panleukopenia vaccines.

Abstract: The efficacy of two commercial feline vaccines was determined by challenging vaccinated and unvaccinated cats sequentially with a virulent feline calicivirus and rhinotracheitis virus Serological responses to these viruses as well as to panleuk openia virus were also measured Results show significant protection and satisfactory serological responses are conferred by both vaccines One vaccine showed significant superiority in protection against feline viral rhinotracheitis

Immunization effectiveness of the inactivated vaccine against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) with an oily adjuvant

Abstract: The adjuvant vaccine against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) was tested as to its innocuousness and immunogenicity. The immunity response induced by a single or double application of different vaccine doses was evaluated according to the content of neutralization antibodies (NP) in the blood serum. A direct dependence was revealed between the size of the inoculum and NP content in the blood serum, with NP titres of 1 : 9.3; 1 : 26.6, 1 : 80 and 1 : 149 after doubled application of 1, 2, 5, and 10 ml of the vaccine. The calves inoculated at an age of one week produced antibodies in the same titres as one- to five-month-old calves. Singly inoculated animals mostly showed zero-level or low antibody titres, but revaccination induced general serum-positivity with NP titres 1 : 4 to 1 : 128. The animals which had been in contact with the IBR virus and were serologically negative during inoculation or had an NP content in the blood serum at a titre of 1 : 4 or less, gave an anamnestic response to inoculation, but revaccination did not lead to a significant rise in antibody content. Double administration of 2 ml of vaccine in four production charges induced the production of antibodies with average titres of 1 : 36, 1 : 25; 1 : 31 and 1 : 24. Inoculation of susceptible animals in non-infected herds and of clinically healthy animals in infected herds did not cause any health disorders. IBR; inactivated adjuvant vaccine; different age; different doses; immunity response; neutralization antibodies.