Showing papers on "Wastewater published in 1972"

Wastewater Engineering Treatment Disposal Reuse

Abstract: Wastewater Engineering: An Overview. Wastewater Flowrates. Wastewater Characteristics. Wastewater Treatment Objective, Methods, and Implementation Considerations. Introduction to Wastewater Treatment Plant Design. Physical Unit Operations. Chemical Unit Processes. Biological Unit Processes. Design of Facilities for Physical and Chemical Treatment of Wastewater. Design of Facilities for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater. Advanced Wastewater Treatment. Design of Facilities for the Treatment and Disposal of Sludge. Natural-Treatment Systems. Small Wastewater Treatment Systems. Management of Wastewater from Combined Sewers. Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse.

Waste treatment process

Abstract: Process for removing organic carbon from waste water to reduce biochemical oxygen demand by generating a fluidized bed formed from biota attached to a solid particulate carrier and waste water, providing enough oxygen to allow the biota to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand of the waste water passing therethrough and then mechanically removing excess bacterial growth formed on the carrier during the process.

Process and equipment for automatic chemical-biological wastewater treatment with provisions for recycle and reuse

Abstract: A wastewater disposal system, wherein, wastewater from producing sources is deposited in a holding tank after passing through a grinding device until a predetermined level has been reached, at which time a pump will remove the waste from the holding tank and discharge it into the aerobic treatment and settling tank where it will be aerated, and separated by settling to effluent and sludge The sludge is removed from the treatment and settling tank thereafter for further treatment and settling so that liquid may be removed from the sludge for return ultimately to the treatment and settling tank or holding tank The settled effluent may be removed and fed into a storage tank Various pressure and level sensing controls are used in conjunction with a coordinating and timing control unit to control the sequence of operations for efficiency An emergency fuel driven prime movergenerator may automatically supply electric power in emergencies Sensors determine system failure and control an automatic telephone dialing warning system Overflow from various tanks is fed to an overflow tank, with provision for distribution of backup fluid The aeration in the tanks is controlled by: modulating and/or controlling on/off of air delivery according to the dissolved oxygen content within the appropriate tank; and feed air pressure may be controlled according to sensed liquid head within the appropriate tank With the exception of the tanks and some tank connecting lines, the entire system may be mounted on skids as a module that may be factory assembled and calibrated Prior to settling, concentrated flocculant may be added by a flow through mixer with delayed shut-off of mixing liquid to flush the mixer and downstream lines of corrosive diluted flocculant

Process for sewage treatment and wastewater reclamation

Abstract: Process for treating sewage by using algal photosynthesis for removing contaminants from sewage. The sewage is treated in a channelled algae pond while the sewage meanders through the channels in the pond. The process includes integrated day-time and night-time cycles enabling continuous operation over a 24 hour period. An essential step in the process involves varying the flow rate between the day-time and night-time cycles with a cage aerator. The flow rate during the day-time cycle is controlled by the cage aerator so as to increase the amount of algae in the sewage that is exposed to light and bring about nutrient exchange between the bottom and surface of the sewage in the channels without stirring up the sludge in the channels. The rotational speed of the cage aerator is increased during the night-time cycle so as to agitate the sewage to stir up the sludge and beat air into the sewage to increase its oxygen content. Thus the process includes mechanically applying oxygen to the sewage and stirring up the sludge during the night-time cycle with the same apparatus used to increase the exposure of sewage to light during the day-time cycle. The process also includes the step of withdrawing the oxygen rich upper portion of the algae pond during the day-time cycle, enabling the effluent to be treated in an autoflotation unit.

Phosphorus removal from waste water

Abstract: A process and apparatus for decreasing the phosphorus content of waste water by means of contacting the waste water with the products of aqueous reaction with elemental iron, preferably subjecting the mixture to sequential aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and concentration of the suspended solids fraction which contains the major portion of the influent phosphorus in solid stable form, and separating the relatively clear liquid fraction therefrom. Contacting the waste water with products of the aqueous reaction with elemental iron may be brought about by recycling at least part of the separated solids through at least part of the process.

Water reclamation-algae production

Abstract: Wastewater is treated in a manner which greatly reduces the level of organic waste matter, phosphates, fixed nitrogen, bacteria, virus and suspended solids. Water is reclaimed and an algae by-product is recovered by employing a series of three ponds with different depths and detention periods, each of which performs specific functions. A dissolved-air-lime flotation step is then used to separate suspended materials (primarily algae). After the flotation step the water is held at a high pH to achieve total disinfection prior to recarbonation to stabilize the water. The by-product algae material is refined by centrifugal classification of calcium carbonate from the slurry or, optionally, by alkaline hydrolysis of protein from the algae followed by acid precipitation to yield a high quality protein concentrate.

Waste-water purification

Abstract: A process for purification of waste waters comprising simultaneous treatment with an adsorbent such as powdered activated carbon and oxygen in the presence of activated sludge to effect nitrification, followed by denitrification in the presence of further adsorbent under anaerobic conditions.

Using reclaimed wastewater--public opinion.

Abstract: There are two compelling reasons for reclaiming water from community waste water: (a) to protect the environ ment from contamination, pollution, and degradation; and (b) to provide new sources of water for needed beneficial uses Wastewater reclamation will increase rap idly in the future as the need for new wa ter and the need to protect the environment become increasingly urgent1 As water reclamation accelerates, decisions regard ing beneficial use assignment will become more difficult Uses made of reclaimed

Phosphorous removal from wastewater

Abstract: A method for removing both carbon food and phosphorous pollutant by biochemical oxidation and chemical precipitation using oxygen gas in the presence of activated sludge, where most of the carbon food and pollutant are removed in a first covered zone with the addition of phosphorous-precipitating compound and under high food-to-biomass ratio, and the effluent water is further purified in a second covered zone under low food-to-biomass ratio.

Ammonia elimination system

Abstract: THE NITROGEN CONTENT OF WASTE WATER IS REMOVED BY AIR STRIPPING AMMONIA FROM WASTE WATER. THE AMMONIA IS THEN ABSORBED IN WATER CONTAINING NITRIFYING MICROORGANISM, SO THAT THE AMMONIA IS OXIDIZED INTHE ABSORBER WATER. THE ABSORBER AND NITRIFIER WATER BECOMES FAR MORE CONCENTRATED IN NITROGEN THAN THE ORIGINAL WASTE WATER AND CAN BE DENITRIFIED BY DENITRIFYING MICROORGANISMS IN A SALLL REACTOR. AIR AND WATER CAN BE RECYLED IN THE SYSTEM.

On the Centralization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities

Abstract: . Two factors affecting the centralization of wastewater treatment facilities were investigated; the cost of collection and treatment systems and the performance of treatment plants. Based on computer-generated minimum cost designs, wastewater collection networks were found to be characterized by diseconomies of scale of magnitude similar to the reported economies of scale for wastewater treatment works. The combined costs of collection and treatment are U-shaped functions from which the least cost size of collection and treatment systems were found for particular values of population density. Examination of the day-to-day performance of five metropoitan-area waste-water treatment plants revealed that, for time series shorter than one month, the day-to-day variation in effluent quality was random, although the variation in quantity discharged was distinctly non-random. The performances of all five plants on any given day showed little correlation. This suggests that the decentralization of treatment facilities can produce benefits both through the reduction in quantities of waste discharged at a given point and through in-stream averaging of the varying performances of several treatment plants. Since the cost function of collection and treatment combined is generally flat in the region of the minimum-cost size, little penalty is invoked to gain the potential benefits of treatment plant decentralization.

Survey of Methods of Treating Wine and Grape Wastewater

Abstract: The waste characteristics and treatment methods for wine and grape wastewaters are discussed. The wastewater is strong and highly variable, and tends to become odorous upon standing. Stillage represents a more concentrated and acidic waste-water that may require neutralization. The phosphorous and nitrogen content of the wastewater is less than ideal by the 1/30/150 standard. The treatment methods discussed include activated sludge systems, aerated lagoons, trickling filters, rotating biological discs, irrigation systems, anaerobic proccesses, and chemical processes.

Waste water treatment process

Abstract: A METHOD FOR REMOVING RESIDUAL OIL AND DISSOLVED SULFIDES FROM OIL PRODUCTION WASTE WATERS PRIOR TO DISPOSAL OF THE WASTE WATER INTO THE OCEAN, BY THE INJECTION OF CONTROLLED AMOUNTS OF OXYGEN, AIR, AND A CATALYST TO OXIDIZE THE SULFIDES TO FREE SULFUR INTO THE WASTE WATER. THE MIXTURE IS PUMPED UNDER PRESSURE INTO A FLOTATION CELL OR TANK WHERE THE PRESSURE IS RELEASED AND THE SULFUR AND OIL ARE SEPARATED FROM THE WATER BY FLOTATION.

Sorption of organics from Kraft bleach wastewater

Abstract: The Kraft industry is responsible for large quantities of waste-water. This wastewater is characterized by its high color, BOD, suspended solids, and possible toxicity. Of these parameters, color is perhaps the most difficult to remove and has been the object of intensive research in the last decade. The massive-lime process is capable of removing the bulk of the color from Kraft bleach wastewater. With the addition of sedimentation, biological oxidation, activated carbon sorption, and perhaps demineralization, a reusable water can be produced. One of the objects of this research was to find a sorbent which, because of better performance or local availability, could replace activated carbon in the sorption step of the flow sheet. Several sorbents, including hog fuel ash, fly ash, diatomaceous earth, coal, bentonite, activated carbon, two filter aids, and three resins, were tested in batch processes after massive-lime reduction of color to 300 CU. Each wastewater was examined for color, TOC, and absorbance at 265 mu. Results showed that activated carbon and two resins, A-6 and S-37, performed best, producing a water which approached standards for bleached Kraft process water. Of the local sorbents, hog fuel ash was best. This sorbent, available at most Kraft mills, must be studied in a continuous flow process to determine its feasibility. The second object of the research was to characterize the raw and treated wastewaters with respect to molecular size in order to determine the effect of molecular size on sorption. The raw and treated wastewaters were fractionated by gel permeation chromatography on Sephadex gels. GPC on Sephadex G-10 fractionated the samples into three fractions, all of molecular sizes less than 500 MW. There was no attempt to identify the three fractions. That all fractionated molecules were of a size less than MW 500 confirmed reports that lime precipitation removes larger molecules. The ratio of TOC applied/TOC eluate was different for each sample. This inconsistency could not be explained by the effects of pH and aromaticity. In presenting.this thesis in partial fulfillment of the require­ ments for an advanced degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by my major professor, or, in his absence, by the Director of Libraries. It is understood that any copying or publi­ cation of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. Signature ________ Date ( T b

Sewage pretreatment plant - for removal of detergents before discharge into public sewers using ozone aeration

Abstract: Waste water contng. detergents from commercial laundries, textile cleaning plants or the like is first pumped into a large enclosed tank and fine bubbles of ozone passed up through it from a nozzle system near the base. Also from near the base some of the water in the tank is pumped out to a system of sprinklers above the water surface and the spray causes the foam on the water to settle. The pretreated waste water is then drained via a weir into a collector tank at the side of the main tank from which it is pumped out for discharge into public sewers.