Showing papers on "Wastewater published in 1982"

Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering

Abstract: 1. Chemical Concepts 2. Biological Concepts 3. Mass Balances, Flow Models, and Reactors 4. Water Quantities and Water Quality 5. Wastewater Quantities and Wastewater Quality 6. Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants 7. Preliminary Unit Operations and Processes 8. Coagulation and Flocculation 9. Sedimentation 10. Filtration 11. Ammonia Removal 12. Adsorption 13. Ion Exchange 14. Membrane Processes 15. Activated Sludge 16. Oxygen Transfer and Mixing 17. Trickling Filters and Rotary Biological Contactors 18. Stabilization Ponds and Aerated Lagoons 19. Anaerobic Digestion 20. Aerobic Digestion 21. Solids Handling 22. Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater and Sludges 23. Other Unit Operations and Processes 24. Disinfection Appendices / Glossary / Answers to Selected problems / Index

Process and apparatus for recovering usable water and other materials from oil field mud/waste pits.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for removing usable water and other components from drilling mud/waste mixtures containing water, solids, hydrocarbons and dissolved salt. Solids are separated from waste water resulting in recovery of a water stream containing hydrocarbons and dissolved salts. This stream is then separated into a recoverable hydrocarbon stream and a water stream containing dissolved salts. A reverse osmosis means is then utilized for separating the water stream containing dissolved salts into a permeate stream of environmentally safe water for reuse and a concentrated brine stream.

Identification and control of inhibition in the anaerobic treatment of industrial wastewaters

Abstract: A method, using a specific microbial association, has been developed to prevent the formation of hydrogen sulphide in the anaerobic digestion of high sulphate-bearing wastewaters, thereby facilitating the maximum recovery of methane and obviating the need for hydrogen sulphide stripping. The process is now being successfully applied in the treatment of wastewater from the distillation of molasses-based fermentation products, from which an energy yield of 0.165 x 10 to the power of 6 k cal m to the power of -3 wastewater is being routinely achieved. (Refs. 14).

Mechanisms for release of sediment-bound phosphate to water and the effects of agricultural land management on fluvial transport of particulate and dissolved phosphate

Abstract: Sediment-bound phosphate includes organic and inorganic forms, but the inorganic fraction contains most of the P that can be released into water. The non-apatite inorganic P (NAIP) fraction of sediment- bound phosphate varies considerably with geochemistry and anthropogenic additions (fertilizer, livestock wastes, P adsorbed from municipal wastewater discharges). A small fraction of the NAIP is sufficiently labile to desorb into water, and this release can be described by dissolution or adsorption/ desorption mechanisms. Agricultural practices, such as phosphate fertility management and conservation tillage, which affect the levels of phosphate and sediment leaving the land, will determine the partition of sediment-bound P and dissolved P in water draining into lakes, with implications for the availability of that phosphate to phyto-plankton.

Extractable organic matter in municipal wastewaters. 1. Petroleum hydrocarbons: temporal variations and mass emission rates to the ocean

Abstract: Samples of final effluent were collected from the major municipal wastewater discharges in southern California during 1979 and analyzed for total, aliphatic, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Mean total hydrocarbon contents of those effluents having received mainly primary treatment ranged from 6.1 to 16.3 mg/L, whereas sludge concentrations were approximately 340 mg/L. The vast majority of these hydrocarbons are associated with particulate matter; however, their composition was virtually identical for all effluents. The temporal variations of wastewater total hydrocarbon concentrations (approx.13-37%) appear to be independent of sampling frequency. From these data, southern California's treatment plants are estimated to discharge more than 17.4 X 10/sup 3/ metric tons of hydrocarbons/yr or 4.9 g/(capita day) to coastal waters. This is approximately double the input rate due to surface runoff in this region. Moreover, it represents nearly 6% of the worldwide input of wastewater-borne petroleum to the ocean. Problems associated with global input assessments are discussed, and a correlative means of estimating wastewater hydrocarbon concentrations is presented.

Agricultural Use of Phosphorus in Sewage Sludge

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the impact of sludges on agricultural land. Three types of sludges are considered—namely, organic sludge, chemical sludge, and combined sludge. If crops are removed from the land, the supply of phosphorus in the soil becomes the limiting factor in crop production. Large quantities of phosphorus compounds are used as fertilizers and an extensive phosphate deposit in a country represents a great natural resource. Sewage sludge is the by-product of wastewater treatment processes. Handling and disposal of sludge are the most costly phases of sewage treatment. The traditional means of sludge handling and disposal are ocean disposal through barging or pipeline transport, dewatering and drying with disposal in a landfill, incineration, and lagooning. Sludge has been spread on agricultural land for disposal, fertilizing, and soil conditioning purposes for decades. Phosphorus, in the form of phosphate, is one of the major uncontrolled pollutants in wastewater. High phosphorus removal is achieved from wastewater chemically or biologically. Addition of phosphate-precipitating chemicals, such as lime, aluminum sulfate, sodium aluminate, or ferric chloride, during sewage treatment minimizes effluent phosphate concentrations. Chemical sludges and combined sludges vary in phosphorus concentrations, depending upon the characteristics of the wastewater, the type of chemical, the quantity of the chemical, and the place of addition of the chemical during the wastewater treatment process.

Supercritical Water Oxidation for Wastewater Treatment: Preliminary Study of Urea Destruction

Abstract: Supercritical water oxidation is being investigated as a method of treating spacecraft wastewater for recycle. In this process, oxidation is conducted in an aqueous phase maintained above the critical temperature (374 C) and pressure (215 bar) of water. Organic materials are oxidized with efficiencies greater than 99.99 percent in residence times of less than 1 minute. This paper presents preliminary results for urea destruction. Above 650 C, urea can be completely broken down to nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide and water by supercritical water oxidation, without the use of a specific catalyst.

Algal-availability of particulate phosphorus from diffuse and point sources in the lower Great Lakes basin

Abstract: Control of phytoplankton production in the Great Lakes can be achieved most efficiently by limiting inputs of biologically available P. We report the results of studies performed to characterize the chemical forms and availability of particulate P in wastewater and tributaries which enter the lower Lakes, the eroding bluffs which border Lake Erie, and bottom samples from the near-shore of western Lake Erie. Rates of release of available P were estimated from a simple first-order model of the process, as observed during algal bioassays. Available P in wastewater samples, as a fraction of total particulate P, was affected minimally by wastewater treatment, including chemical precipitation and filtration; it correlated well with levels of total particulate P. Available particulate P levels in fluvial suspended sediments showed regional uniformity, but appeared to be strongly dependent on levels of both NaOH-P and CDB-P. Rates of release of available P decreased during wastewater treatment to values which were similar in magnitude to those observed for fluvial sediments. Release rates, however, were not related to any of the particulate P fractions which were measured. Analysis of the bluff and bottom samples indicated that P availability in the former was negligible, but the latter contained levels which approached those of wastewater particulates, though available P was released from the bottom sediments at relatively low rates.

Ozonization manual for water and wastewater treatment

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Characterization of particulate emissions from municipal wastewater sludge incinerators.

Abstract: Particulate emissions from a group of municipal sludge incinerators, three with multiple-hearth furnaces and one with a fluidized-bed furnace, were characterized. Three plants operated at or near autogenous burning conditions. Chemical element composition was determined for total and sized emission samples by X-ray fluorescence analysis. Objectives of the investigation were to obtain specific elemental emission factors and to provide source inventories and source signatures, especially in terms of particle size, to assist the development and evaluation of source apportionment models. Considerable enrichment of several elements (S, V, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Pb) in the particulate emissions compared to their content in the sludge feed was observed. The largest average enrichment ratios were found with cadmium (31), zinc (13), lead (Q), and sulfur (8).

Soluble‐Sulfide precipitation for heavy metals removal from wastewaters. Engineering details of a treatment plant scheduled to be operational in September, 1981

Abstract: Based on a comprehensive wastewater characterization program and a treatability study, the soluble-sulfide precipitation process was selected for heavy metals removal from electroplating wastewater at the Tobyhanna Army Depot This process is advantageous in terms of metals-removal efficiency, solids and liquid separation, sludge-thickening capability and dewaterability, and sludge stability for disposal by landfill 4 references, 1 figure, 6 tables

Enzymatic Removal of Hazardous Pollutants from Industrial Aqueous Effluents

Abstract: This work deals with two different approaches to enzymatic waste water purification: a) peroxidase assisted removal of toxic phenols, aromatic amines, and some other organics from waste waters, and b) immobilized hydrogenase-catalyzed detritiation of water.

Role of surface active media in anaerobic filters

Abstract: Equal-sized activated carbon and anthracite coal were compared when used as packing media in completely mixed anaerobic filters. Synthetic glucose and phenol bearing solutions and a diluted paint stripping bath wastewater were used as the test substrated. Each wastewater was fed to the two anaerobic filters until stable operating conditions were reached. The granular activated carbon packed filter resulted in better chemical oxygen demand conversion, higher rates of methane production, and lower biomass production than the anthracite packed filter for all the conditions tested.

Lake Trehörningen restoration project. Changes in water quality after sediment dredging

Abstract: An increased load of domestic wastewater to Lake Trehorningen induced oxygen-poor water conditions and the development of a reduced sulphide-rich sediment layer. Severely polluted, the lake did not recover, even after advanced wastewater treatment and sewage diversion. Restoration measures with suction dredging and macrophyte elimination were applied in 1975 and 1976. The loose topmost sediment was pumped into an embanked and overgrown bay which was used as a settling pond. The activities also included a restoration of the shorelines. This project is the largest restoration programme carried out in Sweden on a single lake, corresponding to a cost of about US $2 000 000.

Method for treating contaminated wastewater

Abstract: A method for treating hydrazine-fuel contaminated wastewater in which hydrazine, monomethyl hydrazine, unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine and dimethylnitrosamine pollutants are effectively decomposed at a controlled pH of about 5 by an ultraviolet induced chlorination treatment of the wastewater

Chemical fractionation of heavy metals in wastewater-affected soils

Abstract: During land treatment of wastewater, significant amounts of heavy metals may be introduced into the soil system. Chemical forms of the deposited metal elements would affect their reactivities and pollution potential in the environment. Attempts were made to fractionate heavy metals in the soil using three established chemical extraction procedures. Based on metal recovery efficiencies, a sequential extraction procedure was adopted to partition heavy metals in the soils of a long-term cropland wastewater disposal site near Santiago, Chile. Results indicated consistently higher metal recovery percentages in the wastewater-affected soils. Although considerable amounts of heavy metals in the wastewater were chemically soluble, exchangeable and adsorbed, most of the accumulated metals were present in the soil in organic form (such as Cu) or as inorganic precipitates (such as Zn). The lack of soluble and exchangeable metals in the soil significantly reduces the downward leaching potential of deposited metals. However, the labile nature of the accumulated metal elements would enrich the soil with plant-available heavy metal elements for a long time to come.

Wastewater treatment process

Abstract: A process for treating wastewaters with a powdered adsorbent and one or more fixed media filters, wherein biological oxidation occurs. The adsorbent is optionally regenerated and reused. In multistage operation, adsorbent is contacted with wastewater in stagewise countercurrent flow, through each fixed media filter and subsequent clarifier, or through clarifier only.

Method of improving the SVI of mixed liquor in aeration tank

Abstract: In the treatment of wastewater by the activated sludge process, mixed liquor in the aeration tank or settled sludge is drawn from the system and concentrated. The concentrated sludge is returned to the aeration tank either immediately or after being mixed with separated water and settled sludge to thereby reduce the SVI of the mixed liquor in the aeration tank.

Sludge derived oil: Wastewater treatment implications

Abstract: A simple, elegant process for the conversion of sewage sludge to synthetic oil and coal has recently been developed in Germany. Commercial exploitation of such a process will have profound effects on wastewater treatment plant design philosophy. The ramifications of this technology are explored and the implications discussed.

Calorific Value of Wastewater Plant Sludges

Abstract: Calorific values of wastewater plant sludges are best determined using an oxygen bomb calorimeter, an apparatus which is not readily available in many plants. Using a variety of sludges from thirteen municipal wastewater treatment plants in southeastern Wisconsin, an excellent correlation is established between the calorific value and chemical oxygen demand of the sludges. A well-tested recommended procedure for conducting the chemical oxygen demand of wet sludges and semi-dry cakes is also presented.

The impact of waste-water discharge on biological communities in San Francisco Bay

Abstract: Recent improvements in waste treatment have resulted in improved water quality as far as organic loading and nutrient discharge into the Bay are concerned. However, problems with trace contaminants remain unsolved. Localized instances of biological contamination with toxic metals and trace organics equal those anywhere in the world. Indications of physiological stress in animals contaminated with trace toxicants have also been observed; and the toxicant tolerance in one species of bivalve suggests that adaptability to toxicant stress may be important for survival, at least in some parts of the Bay. Although most contaminant impacts are localized, the number of impacts may be large, because of the number of point-source dischargers and accidental spills. The result is an environment of unpredictable and variable suitability for the development of a complex ecosystem. Such environments tend t o select against the larger, longerlived species most valuable to man. The history of fisheries in the Bay reflects such a trend-away from larger, more valuable species and toward smaller species with greater adaptive flexibility. We d o not yet understandwhy eutrophicationis not a problem in this nutrientrich environment. Recent studies indicate that grazing by benthic invertebrates may limit phytoplankton biomass in South Bay. If so, damage to the benthic community (e.g. through an increase in trace contaminant stress) could have widespread impacts on the entire biological community of the Bay.

Groundwater recharge with secondary sewage effluent

Abstract: Comprehensive review of the literature is presented and research studies of groundwater recharge with treated wastewater which offers a means for water re-use which has several advantages is described. The removal of nitrogen was studied in detail, since it is a major polutant in secondary sewage effluent and because soil adsorption is an important pre-requisite in its removal. A mathematical model was developed based on the processes contributing to nitrogen removal, in order to simulate the overall process and to optimize nitrogen removal. A simplified and yet realistic model was derived for management purposes.