Showing papers on "Water quality published in 1969"

Relative Importance of Variables in Water Resources Planning

Abstract: Four variables involved in the water resources planning decision characterized by hydrology, modeling of dissolved oxygen behavior in an estuary, projection of economic development, and water quality objective, were tested for sensitivity in the evaluation of a water resources system's performance. The results were obtained assuming a 25% range in economic projection, 1 mg/1 range in the dissolved oxygen objective, two separately developed models of estuarial dissolved oxygen behavior, and 50- and 10-year sequences of hydrologic data. The results of simulations of system operation with the different values of the planning variables were subjected to a four-way analysis of variance to partition the variance attributable to each planning variable. For the system under consideration, the relative importance of the variables in descending order is: (1) economic development projection, (2) water quality objective, (3) dissolved oxygen modeling, and (4) hydrology.

Water quality and aging of strip-mine lakes

Abstract: This study describes physical and chemical characteristics of five obviously different strip-mine lakes in order to document changes in water quality with aging. The data were drawn from 6 yr of intensive study (1962 through 1967) and 2 preliminary studies (1940-41, 1949-50). The conclusions on water quality changes associated with aging are based on both successive measurements in the same lake and comparison of lakes in different successional stages. Results indicate that strip-mine lakes differ from natural lakes in several respects. The inital successional stage is acid rather than classically oligotrophic, and is characterized by low pH, high potential acidity, absence of bicarbonate, and large concentrations of dissolved minerals which produce high conductivity measurements. Sulfate is the predominate anion. Strong colors of red, blue, or green usually characterize the water. These conditions become less pronounced as sulfuric acid pollution ameliorates. During the less acid phase, the lakes are homeothermous. A later alkaline stage appears comparable to stages of early eutrophy in natural lakes.

The Use of Artificial Substrates in Pollution Surveys

Abstract: Artificial substrates were constructed from pressed Masonite board and suspended in the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers during the summer of 1965. The benthos recovered from the Mississippi River substrates reaffirmed the zones of water quality defined by results from conventional bottom sampling techniques, and analysis of chlorophyll-a indicated a progressive increase in periphyton crop below the major contributors of organic pollution. The numbers and kinds of benthic animals gathered from the Minnesota River substrates differed from results obtained from conventional bottom sampling methods, and suggest that the factor limiting river biota is a lack of suitable natural habitats rather than chemical quality.

Interaction of diquat and paraquat with clay minerals and carbon in aqueous solutions

Abstract: In recent years, the demand for aquatic weed-free surface waters is on the increase. This is occasioned by greater and greater demands by the public for recreational and potable waters. One approach is to control aquatic weed growth in surface waters through the application of chemical herbicides. Several compounds and formulations are available of which diquat (l,l’-ethylene-2,2’-bipyridylium dibromide) and paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridylium dimethyl sulfate) are effective. These compounds are divalent cations and are quite soluble in water to the extent of 70 percent and greater. Furthermore, these compounds resist biological degradation in aquatic environments (Hemmett 1968). Hence they may persist after an initial application for considerable periods of time and affect water quality for human consumption. The question of organic pesticide effects on water quality has been reviewed recently by Faust and Suffet (1966).

Assessing Impacts of Declining Water Quality on Gross Value Output of Agriculture, A Case Study

Abstract: The methodology for assessing salinity damages is still in the development stage. This study develops an economic analysis of the effects of different levels of water quality on output and income for irrigated agriculture. First, a procedure for estimating physical crop losses due to salinity was summarized from the literature. Second, published enterprise and farm budgets were adjusted to show damages that might be expected for a specific irrigation project. A change in water quality, of the magnitude studied, did not indicate an adjusted cropping pattern in response to deteriorated water quality.

Quality of Surface Water

Abstract: Surface water quality in Illinois has been determined by means of analysis of data from monthly water sampling programs. Sampling programs spanning periods of approximately 5 years have been carried out since 1945. Data for the period 1966-l971 are for 25 streams at 30 sampling locations. Data analyzed to show frequencies of median and extreme values of certain mineral constituents for specific streams and sampling periods provide baseline values for future water quality and water resource studies. Comparisons are drawn between water quality for the same stations in two or more sampling periods and with applicable Illinois Pollution Control Board regulations. Reference: Harmeson, Robert H., T. E. Larson, Laurel M. Henley, R. A. Sinclair, and J. C. Neill. Quality of Surface Water in Illinois, 1966-1971. Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, Bulletin 56, 1973. Indexing Terms: alkalinity, ammonium, boron, cadmium, calcium, chloride, chromium, copper, fluoride, hardness, Illinois streams, iron, lead, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mineral quality, nickel, nitrate, phosphate, potassium, silica, sodium, strontium, sulfate, temperature, total dissolved minerals, turbidity, water quality, zinc.

Avaliação da qualidade da água em duas represas e uma lagoa no municipio de ilha solteira (sp)

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the water quality in the Lagoinha and Ipe reservoirs and Pedreira Lake, water bodies that were introduced in the city limits of Ilha Solteira during the period of July, 2004, to March, 2005.Based on Water Quality Rate findings and correlation analyses and seasonality of the combined physical, chemical, and biological parameters collected in the field, it was found that the effects of the main anthropic activities (irrigated agriculture and watering of livestock) in the area surrounding these bodies of water provoked an increase in the levels of fertilizer factors (phosphorous and nitrogen) as well as concentrations of total coliforms. Strong evidence was also detected, via “in loco” observations, of degradation of the riparian zones of the three bodies of water, noted mainly through the occurrence of silting in areas near their outlets and soil erosion on the banks, as well as the complete lack of ciliary vegetation.

Sodium Hazard of Bicarbonate Irrigation Waters

Abstract: Results of a 6-year lysimeter experiment show that the water quality value based on the precipitation index (PI) for CaCO₃ satisfactorily estimated the effect of the water on the composition of saturation extracts of soil samples, except where Na precipitation occurred. Essential conditions for Na precipitation, presumably as a zeolite, were a pH above 8.6 and time for dissolution of reactants from the soil and/or formation of the product. Tree trunk diameter growth by lemon trees (Citrus limons) and evapotranspiration were linearly correlated with water quality values based on PI.

Perfil da qualidade das águas subterraneas de manaus

Abstract: Manaus city, capital of the Amazonas state, is at the left bank of Rio Negro. The surrounding region is characterized by the geological Alter do Chao Formation consisting of sandy-clay tertiary sediments. An important annual rainfall of 2,300 mm, classifies the climate as hot humid with a highly divers vegetation. The city water supply is mainly provided by tubular wells whose recharge comes from rain and Rio Negro water. A private enterprise explores captation and public water supply. The ground water of Manaus was evaluated during the rainy period. Tubular wells water are selected and water sampled for physical and physic-chemical analysis. The obtained data pointed out that the waters have low dissolved constituent concentrations with a low increase of the elements in the rainy period. They also indicated rapid infiltration, of surface water and excellent human and industrial consumption quality. The water quality is in concordance with standards established in current legislation.

Planktonic diatoms of Lake Ontario

Abstract: Records are presented of Na+, K+, Ca++, SiO,, pH, alkalini ty, 0, , and specific conductance at 106 stations in Lake Ontario. These data are compared for east-west and surface-subsurface variations. Water quality in Lake Ontario is similar to that in Lake Erie with the exception of dissolved oxygen. The open waters of Lake Ontar io had no areas of serious oxygen depletions.

Water Resources and the Urban Environmenta

Abstract: Approximately two-thirds of the present population live in the urban environment; by the year 2000, it is anticipated that five-sixths of the population will be urban The trend of metropolitan growth is not the continued growth of major cities, but rather the expansion in population and size of the smaller suburban communities The urbanization of the country is reflected in the emphasis on comprehensive water resources development – area-wide and basin-wide planning and management In some areas of intense urban development the problems of water quality control, recreational use of water, and water for cooling and waste transport have become more significant than problems of adequate supplies for withdrawal A major share of future water resource investigations will necessarily be directed to the urban environment, where geologic and hydrologic data is needed in urban planning The general pattern associated with community development–the initial use of ground-water resources by individual systems, to the use of a community well and distribution system, and finally the use of surface-water sources far removed from the urban center–has contributed to the development of the “commodity concept’ of water use By this attitude the water resource is viewed only in terms of its adequacy as a water supply; waste discharge and recreation uses are being ignored or considered a‘ downstream” problem This concept is particularly inappropriate when applied in the multicommunity complexes of the metropolitan areas where there is little in the way of a “downstream” Water problems must be dealt with at the metropolitan level rather than at the individual community level; and not by a proliferation of smaller units of government and public agencies that often overlap and duplicate effort The nature of the metropolitan complex requires that we think in terms of closed systems involving reclamation and reuse rather than in terms of the open system of withdrawal, use and discharge

Development and application of a rational water quality planning model

Abstract: The objective of this research was to develop and to demonstrate methodology for water quality planning and management for the case in which there is or could be interaction of pollutants in the stream. In water pollution control, there are important objectives other than strict economic efficiency. The specific pollutants selected for this investigation were heat and BOD. The related standards were DO concentration, maximum allowable stream temperature, and allowable rise in stream temperature.