Showing papers on "Water supply published in 1971"

Principles of water quality control

Abstract: Preface Introduction Characteristics of waters and wastewaters Sampling and analysis Aquatic microbiology and ecology Water quality and health Biological oxidation of organic matter Water pollution and its control Quantitites of water and wastewater Introduction to treatment processes Preliminary treatment processes Clarification Coagulation Flow through porous media Aerobic biological oxidation Anaerobic biological oxidation Disinfection Chemical treatment Sludge dewatering and disposal Tertiary treatment and water reclamation Water supply and sanitation in developing countries Index.

Elements of water supply and wastewater disposal

Abstract: Elements of water supply and wastewater disposal , Elements of water supply and wastewater disposal , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Water thievery in a rice irrigation system in taiwan

Abstract: Water thefts and conflicts are more common in some irrigation systems, or in some parts of a single irrigation system, than in others. Water thievery in the Nan-hung canal system in Taiwan is analyzed through an examination of the need to steal, the opportunities to steal, farmer awareness of opportunities to steal, and farmer willingness to steal. Water supply, water rights customs, water control methods, the location of houses, and the size of the system influence the number and distribution of thefts and conflicts.

Multistage Marginal Cost Model of Investment‐Pricing Decisions: Application to Urban Water Supply Treatment Facilities

Abstract: An attempt is made to apply a previously developed general model of investment-pricing decisions to the particular problem of choosing the timing and sizes of additions to capacity in urban water supply systems. On the basis of empirical data, typical but hypothetical cost and demand curves for water supply are defined and incorporated into the model. The model is then solved under varying assumptions with regard to rate of growth in demand, the level of the discount rate, and the length of the planning horizon. The results are compared in terms of their efficiency with results that could be expected from conventional approaches to the problem by employing certain arbitrarily assumed schemes of average cost pricing combined with rules of thumb criteria for choosing the size and timing of capacity investment. The major conclusions reached are that at present we do not have the empirical data necessary to effectively implement the general model in the water supply area and that the results do suggest that the multistage marginal cost approach toward planning and operating urban water supply systems might be 10–20% more efficient than traditional average cost approaches.

Saline artesian water as a supplement

Abstract: confined aquifers such as the Biscayne aquifer.2 However, in some areas of southern Florida, natural supplies of fresh water are lacking, and people are forced to use water of poor quality. In such areas, saline water in the Floridan aquifer 3 will become an increasingly important supplement to the existing water supply. Many areas, shown in Fig. 3, are considered in this report. During 1964-65, the US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, the Florida Department of Natural Resources, and the Florida Keys Aqueduct Commission, drilled test wells at Royal Palm Visitor Center (well NP-100) in Everglades National Park and in Pennekamp State Park (well G-1273) on Key Largo. These drillings were done to determine the depth required to obtain a copious flow of artesian water from the Floridan aquifer and to monitor the salinity of the water. The purpose of the test well at Royal Palm was to study the feasibility of using artesian water for wildlife survival ponds dur-

Trace elements in the water resources of California

Abstract: Trace element concentration ranges, means, medians, and number of positive occurrences are listed for 383 water samples from various sources in California. Data are compared to accepted public water supply and irrigation water standards. Municipal and industrial waste water and water extracts from Suisun Bay sediments contained the greatest number of trace elements at concentrations suggesting likely deleterious effects on aquatic life.

Economic Design of Central Water Supply Systems for Medium Sized Towns

Abstract: . Adequate and good-quality water supply for medium sized towns is costly when there are insufficient quantity and low quality of groundwater or surface water. In a central water supply system serving a number of towns, the economies of scale may permit a sufficient and good-quality supply at lesser rates. Such a system has the flexibility of supplying rural population through small service lines. The system may be an interbasin or intrabasin conveyance depending on the location of a suitable water source and the economics of the supply network. Seven cost elements are pertinent to the optimum or least-cost design of network consisting of pipelines and pumping stations. The relevant cost functions are based on the available data gathered from various sources. Water conveyance costs are calculated for various flow rates, pipeline diameters, flow variabilities, static heads, and interest rates, thus providing a measure of sensitivity of the conveyance cost to such variations. The economies of scale, the sensitivity of optimum unit conveyance costs, and variations in unit costs with change in cost functions are useful in making a feasibility study for a proposed conveyance system.

Improving Water Resource Allocation Through Demand-Oriented Water Policy

Abstract: . In the arid and semi-arid regions of the Western United States the water problem is generally perceived as one of “inadequate” supply. This conception of the problem engenders supply-oriented water policy, or policy focusing exclusively upon a single class of solutions–the various schemes for augmenting an area's water supply. In a more complete or balanced conceptualization, the water problem is viewed as one of “inadequate” supply and/or “excessive” demand. When the water problem is so conceived, water policy is broadened to include demand-oriented water policy, or policy aimed at reducing the quantity of water demanded in an area. The purpose of this paper is to describe and explain demand-oriented water policy. Basically it consists of changing the set of commodities produced by the economy, cutting back and/or eliminating goods requiring large quantities of water in their production and introducing and/or expanding goods which require little water. This paper also reports briefly on research undertaken to test demand-oriented policy in Arizona. Results indicate that such a policy can be extremely efficacious in solving a region's water problem.

The Effect of Price on Long Run Water Supply Benefits and Costs

Abstract: The long-term effects of presently used and alternatively proposed water pricing policies were studied using some tools of operations research and economics. A discrete deterministic dynamic programming model was structured and operated to determine the optimal water supply capacity expansion paths for a hypothetical residential community with a given water pricing policy. The objective of the model was the maximization of future discounted consumers'surpluses plus producer's revenues net of the long-run cost of supply. State variables were the size of system capacity in MGD and stage variables were the times of feasible capacity increase in years. Demand curves, population sizes, and growth rates for various economic sectors of the community were assumed known, as well as short-run production and capital construction costs. Several policies, including constant unit rates, decreasing or increasing block rates and summer differential rates were tested. It was concluded that price plays a major role in the short-run allocation and long-run planning and conservation of water supplies. Conservational pricing policies were advocated as means of lowering the long-run cost of water, using the water price-demand function as a planning tool. Further research in these areas was recommended.

Water supply and pump for fountains

Abstract: A water supply and pump for fountains is disclosed which includes a cylindrical container for holding the water supply, pump means for moving the water supply from the container to a fountain and means for returning the water from the fountain to the container controlled by a float valve responsive in operation to the level of water in the container, a secondary float valve biases the first float valve to effect a cycle in the pumping action and switch means controlled by the first float valve controls the pumping means.

Assessment Analysis for Water Supply Alternatives

Abstract: Providing adequate water supplies of good quality is becoming a serious problem in many areas of the United States. Some of the alternatives proposed for meeting the growing shortage of clean-water or cheap-water are reallocation, reuse, and importation. This paper outlines a methodology to assess all of these water supply alternatives by examining the amount and time-staging for development of water sources. In conceptualizing the problem, sources of supply are classified in three categories: primary or base supplies, secondary or effluent supplies, and supplementary or imported supplies. A model of the water system is formulated as a “transportation problem” in linear programming depicting the possible sources of supply which can be used to satisfy the requirements of various water users. The optimizing objective in the model is to minimize the cost of water under various assumptions for operating the system. A case study of the Salt Lake Qty, Utah, area is used to illustrate the application of the model in obtaining optimal water supply allocations for projected future demands. Assessment of alternatives in the study include redistribution of supplies, time-staging of supplies and related treatment facilities, and sensitivity of allocations to changes in costs.

Water closet safety control

Abstract: A water closet safety control, more specifically, in a water closet supply tank of the type embodying a ball cock or fill valve float regulating the water supply, according as the level of water rises in the tank, a supplemental safety control operable to insure cutting off the water supply in the event of tank breakage, or other apparatus failure resulting in continued water flow.

A Literature Survey of Ocean Pollution

Abstract: : Any change in water quality which has an adverse effect on a beneficial use of the marine waters, such as the propagation of fish, shellfish, waterfowl, and other acquatic animals, propagation of kelp and other attached algae, recreational and aesthetic enjoyment, municipal water supply, industrial water supply, navigation, scientific research, and others, constitutes an ocean pollution problem. The present work is a state of the art survey of the past studies on the problems of ocean pollution and to identify areas in which there were notable deficiencies in knowledge.

The denver system of water works controls

Abstract: Denver's water supply derives from a blend of pumpand gravity-feed systems. To get the most from them, it is necessary to weigh the various contributing cost factors against one another preferably by computer. So far, Denver has gone through phases I and II in quest of its goal. THE ver's WRITTEN water system records start about for Den1870 ver's water system start about 1870 although the city, itself, is a few years older. The city started along the South Platte riverbed and has grown up along the slopes growing out of the valley. Denver is not situated on a flat plain as it appears. The visible contours, because of the mountains to the west, are deceiving. A basic gravity water system was established early in Denver's history, but around the 1920s the city had grown so, that considerable pumping was necessary to move the water out of the Platte Valley. Today, there are 26 pump stations and 23 pressure zones in the system; approximately 53 per cent of the water is now pumped. Denver, like many other cities, has had sporadic growth periods throughout its history. However, since World War II, the growth has been phenomenal. It soon became evident after World War II that a system of con-

Optimization in Municipal Water Supply System Design

Abstract: . The design of a municipal water supply system may involve utilizing singly or in combination a conventional water supply, a desalted water supply, and a supply from a recharged aquifer reservoir. Optimization of the design requires a model formulated in a way that modern methods of systems analysis can be used. This study concerns the formulation, solution, and evaluation of a mathematical model of a municipal water supply system that includes a supply from a variable quality output desalting plant. The combined system is operated in conjunction with an artificially recharged aquifer reservoir. Also considered are short periods of water shortages. The model is set up in an approximate linear programming format, and the optimum solution (minimum cost) is found. The model is tested by applying it to the design of a supply system to meet the 1985 estimated water demand of the city of Lincoln, Nebraska. Results of this test indicate that the artificial reservoir and the existing conventional supply system are capable of supplying that demand during all but the peak period. An electrodialysis desalting system is used in this analysis. It is competitive only when the length of transmission pipeline for a conventional supply system approaches 90 miles. The model is formulated in a general way so that it can be applied to almost all situations encountered in municipal water supply design, as well as to the specific system designated for this study.

Rural community water supply costs

Abstract: THE has financed Farmers approximately Home Administration 100 new has fi anced app oximately 100 new water systems in small communities and rural districts of less than 5,500 population in Illinois. In these cases, loans and grants were made to deserving communities that did not have a suitable public water supply and that could not obtain credit elsewhere at reasonable rates and terms. This paper presents cost data on many of these small rural communities.

Concerns in Water Supply and Pollution Control: Legal, Social, and Economic.

Abstract: This bulletin contains three articles which focus on ground water's potential as a dependable supply source and some of the problems impeding the development of that potential. The authors' concerns are discussed from the vantage point of their areas of specialization: law, sociology, and economics. The first author states that water law abounds with unanswered questions and administrative efforts to isolate water's use for public consumption from its many other uses are equally arbitrary. In the sociological area, there seems to be a failure on the part of all citizens to understand water supply and pollution issues. The economist estimates that available ground water resources might be able to satisfy projected water supply needs in Rhode Island at costs significantly lower than those associated with surface reservoirs. (Author/CP) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION EA WELFARE OFFICE OF EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIvED FROM THE PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS sTATED DO NOT NECEsSARILY REPREsENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OE ECUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. r-4 CONCERNS IN WATER SUPPLY 44.N