Comparative Animal Physiology By Prof. David W. Bishop, Prof. Frank A. Brown Jr., Prof. Theodore L. Jahn, Prof. C. Ladd Prosser and Prof. Verner J. Wulff. Prof. C. Ladd Prosser, Editor. Pp. ix + 888. (Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Co., 1950.) 63s.

/pdf/comparative-animal-physiology-3zo16whdzo.pdf

Comparative Animal Physiology

Climate change and air pollution have been a matter of serious concern all over the world in the last few decades. The urban clusters have significant impact on both climate change and air pollution levels in the atmosphere. The human activities such as changing land use land cover, emissions of harmful gases to the atmosphere from fossil fuel and stubble burning, forest fires, power plants, automobiles and industries and roadside dust particles significantly contribute to air pollution; thereby depleting air quality. The air pollutants (such as aerosols) affect the climate of Earth both directly (by absorption and scattering) and indirectly (by altering the cloud properties and radiation transfer processes). The influence of these air pollutants further extends to impact on biogeochemical cycles, hydrological processes, human health and land surface processes. Monitoring of air quality becomes imperative in present times due to elevated air pollution levels. Poor air quality is linked with higher air-borne diseases that can be hazardous to human health. Air pollutants that are inhaled by humans and enter the respiratory system have potential to cause serious health impacts such as respiratory complications, carcinogenesis, cardiovascular diseases and even premature death. Also, higher exposure to air pollutants such as the Particulate Matter 2.5 is linked with higher morbidity and mortality rates due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Further, the intensified heat waves as a result of climate change lead to the elevation in temperature levels causing thermal discomfort and several health issues to urban residents. Hence, an attempt is being made in the present study to critically evaluate the role of air pollutants in climate change for urban areas. Further, the role of air pollutants and particulate matter (aerosols) also needs to be examined in detail. Thus, the present study explores the status of air pollution in selected Indian cities and its effect on human health in these cities. This will serve as a baseline data for policy makers in analyzing vulnerable regions and implementing mitigation plans for tackling air pollution.

/pdf/air-pollution-climate-change-and-human-health-in-indian-31j3245i1c.pdf

Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Human Health in Indian Cities: A Brief Review

This article reports on a study conducted to determine the concentration of SO2 and NO2 in various urban residential zones in an urban area of Gwalior City. The aim of this study was to examine the...

Ambient Air Quality and Meteorological Monitoring of Gaseous Pollutants in Urban Areas of Gwalior City India

Emission of gaseous pollutants from open dumpsites has been identified as a major source of air pollution in urban cities such as Ibadan, Nigeria. Air quality assessments at Awotan and Lapite dumpsites where burning of solid wastes occurs without adequate control were presented in this study. The open burning of solid wastes pose environmental challenges associated with the emission of SO2, NOx and NH3 whose adverse impact on humans in the vicinity of dumpsites is inevitable. The concentrations obtained for SO2, NOx and NH3 were in the range of 260–379 μg m–3; 354–470 μg m–3 and 590–907μg m–3, respectively, at Awotan dumpsite. The corresponding concentrations at Lapite dumpsite were 342–428 μg m–3; 521–741 μg m–3 and 1085–1374 μg m–3, respectively. Levels of SO2 and NOx exceeded the European Union and Nigeria national standard air quality limits. There is a need to develop better operating practices in terms of period and method of combustion of solid wastes at designated dumpsites in Ibadan.Keywords: Solid wastes, sulphur dioxide, oxide of nitrogen, ammonia, open dumpsites

/pdf/monitoring-of-so2-nox-and-nh3-emission-from-burning-of-solid-5fcg8h423g.pdf

Monitoring of So2, Nox and Nh3 emission from burning of solid wastes at Awotan and Lapite dumpsites, Ibadan, Nigeria

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of polysorbate-80 (PS-80) on liver and kidney function in broiler chicken using 120 one-day-old Cobb 500 chicks. The birds were randomly divided into 6 groups, of 20 birds each (as one replicate) and then allocated to 1 of 6 floor pens (90×180 cm) at the stocking density of 0.08 m2/ bird in a concrete floor,  cross ventilated house. All the birds received the same corn and soybean meal based starter (1 to 21 days) and grower (15 to 28 days) diets for ad libitum consumption. The birds in 3 pens continually received water supplemented with either 0 (control) or 3500 ppm PS-80 throughout the experiment. Live weight gain as well as, feed conversion ratio were significantly suppressed in response to supplementation of drinking water with 3500 ppm PS-80 (P 0.05). No alteration in concentration of GPT, GOT, Urea, uric acid and creatinine in blood serum were observed in the chicks receiving PS-80-supplemented water as compared to control group (P>0.05). The PS-80 treated water resulted in increased levels of serum ALP (P<0.05). Based on these findings, persistent exposure of broiler chicks to 3500 ppm PS-80 through drinking water has a negative impact on juvenile growth performance in chicks. No indication found that such discouraging impact is caused by liver or kidney dysfunction.

	Key words: Polysorbate-80, GPT, GOT, ALP, liver, kidney.

Effects of polysorbate-80 on liver and kidney function in broiler chicken during juvenile growth period

Air quality of gaseous emissions from crude petroleum flames and fumes were monitored in a poultry house at 10 min intervals; from 10.10am–11.10am daily for 14 days. The crude petroleum burning was simulated in a metal burner, 22.86 cm high with a diameter of 17.80 cm and a thickness of 1.27 cm designed for the purpose. The micro-climate (ambient temperature, relative humidity and light intensity) of the experimental environment (poultry houses) was recorded. Results showed that the mean gaseous pollutants emitted before and during the experiments varied within the poultry house. Gases such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methane(CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO) were higher in the brooding than finishing phase, while volatile organic carbon (VOC) and suspended particulate matter (SPM) levels were lower at the brooding than finishing phase. The values obtained in this study for 60 min (at 10 min intervals) are far higher than the values elucidated by the Federal Environmental Protection Age...

Air quality and micro-meterological monitoring of gaseous pollutants/flame emissions from burning crude petroleum in poultry house

Enzyme serology of broiler chickens exposed to crude petroleum flame and fumes at varying distances over a period of 16 h daily for 56 days in a poultry house was evaluated. The burning of crude petroleum was simulated in a designed burner. The measured distances were 4, 8, or 12 m from the flame point. The control birds were located in a separate poultry building without the flame treatment. Gaseous emissions from the burning crude oil were monitored. Proprietory broiler starter and finisher diets were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were taken at the 4th and 8th weeks for enzymic assays following each treatment. The enzymes assayed were serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), and alanine phosphatase (ALP). No significant effects were observed in the serum enzyme levels between treatments.

Enzyme serology of broiler chickens exposed to crude petroleum flame and fumes

Hormonal responses of broiler chickens exposed to crude petroleum flame and fumes at varying distances over a period of 16 h daily were evaluated for 56 days in a poultry house. The burning of crude petroleum was simulated in a designed burner. The measured distances were 4, 8, or 12 m from the flame point. The experimental design was a two-factor factorial in a completely randomized design (CRD) with factor A as distance from the crude petroleum flame and factor B was the age of birds in weeks. One hundred and eighty Anak day-old broiler chickens were divided into four groups of 45 birds each, replicated thrice at 15 birds per replicate. Control birds were located in a separate poultry building without the flame treatment. Gaseous emissions from the burning crude oil were monitored. Proprietary broiler starter and finisher diets were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were taken at the fourth and eighth week for hormone radioimmunoassay from each treatment. The hormones assayed were growth hormone (GH), thyro...

A. Monsi

Papers

Air quality and micro-meterological monitoring of gaseous pollutants/flame emissions from burning crude petroleum in poultry house

Enzyme serology of broiler chickens exposed to crude petroleum flame and fumes

Hormonal responses of broiler chickens to simulated crude petroleum flame and fumes