"Transportation into a narrative world" (Green & Brock, 2000, 2002) has been identified as a mechanism of narrative impact. A transported individual is cognitively and emotionally involved in the story and may experience vivid mental images. In the study reported here, undergraduate participants (N = 152) read a narrative about a homosexual man attending his college fraternity reunion, rated their transportation into the story, rated the perceived realism of the story, and responded to statements describing story-relevant beliefs. Transportation was positively correlated with perceived realism. Furthermore, individuals with prior knowledge or experience relevant to the themes of the story (e.g., had homosexual friends or family members, were knowledgeable about American fraternities) showed greater transportation into the story. Highly transported readers showed more story-consistent beliefs, and the positive relationship between transportation and story-consistent beliefs held for those both with and wit...

Transportation Into Narrative Worlds: The Role of Prior Knowledge and Perceived Realism.

Dual solutions for mixed convective stagnation-point flow of an aqueous silica-alumina hybrid nanofluid

The major focus of this work is to examine the results of steady mixed convection flow of SiO 2 − Al 2 O 3 /water hybrid nanofluid near the stagnation point with the curved surface of radius R and mass suction S . Hybrid nanofluid is taken into consideration by suspending a couple of distinct nanoparticles (SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 ) into pure water. Depending on similarity variables, the governing equations with associated boundary conditions are modified to formulate a normalized boundary value problem of coupled differential equations and the MATLAB problem solver bvp4c is efficient to resolve the resulting problem. From this study it is determined that the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number of hybrid nanofluid improves with high values of mass suction and nanoparticles concentration while increasing curvature K declines the skin friction coefficient and gives rise to a poor performance of heat transfer. Moreover, the improvement of thermal boundary layer and velocity boundary layer take place with powerful concentration of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 and greater values of curvature K . Some interesting results for the flat sheet ( K → ∞ ) were also computed.

Dual solutions for mixed convection flow of SiO2−Al2O3/water hybrid nanofluid near the stagnation point over a curved surface

We investigate the boundary-layer flow on a moving isothermal thin needle parallel to a moving stream. The governing equations are solved numerically by a finite-difference method. Dual solutions are found to exist when the needle and the free stream move in the opposite directions.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0256-307X/24/10/051/pdf

Boundary Layer Flow over a Continuously Moving Thin Needle in a Parallel Free Stream

The mixed convection two-dimensional boundary layer flow of a micropolar fluid near the stagnation point on a stretching vertical sheet is investigated. The stretching velocity and the surface temperature are assumed to vary linearly with the distance from the stagnation point. The transformed ordinary differential equations are solved numerically for some values of the parameters involved using a finite-difference scheme known as the Keller-box method. The features of the flow and heat transfer characteristics are analyzed and discussed. Both assisting and opposing flows are considered. Results are presented in terms of the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number with selections of velocity, microrotation and temperature profiles. Dual solutions are found to exist for the opposing flow.

Mixed convection stagnation point flow of a micropolar fluid towards a stretching sheet

The similarity equations for mixed-convection boundary-layer flow past a wedge having one of its surfaces parallel to the horizontal are derived for the latter surface. Both cases of prescribed wall temperature and heat flux are considered. It is shown that non-unique solutions exist for aiding (α > 0) as well as opposing flows (α 0 in addition to those already reported in the literature for α < 0. Namely, these correspond to vertical flat plate and vertical cylinder problems.

Aiding flows non-unique similarity solutions of mixed-convection boundary-layer equations

The dual solutions of two coupled third degree non-linear ordinary differential equations associated with the incompressible viscous laminar flow along a corner are considered. It is shown (through the numerical solution) that dual solutions occur in the interval βbβββ1.1211 for the Falkner-Skan parameter β with the bifurcation taking place at the regular turning point βb. In the neighbourhood of the latter it is also shown that in such a case it is appropriate to expand the solution in powers of % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqefm0B1jxALjhiov2D% aebbfv3ySLgzGueE0jxyaibaiGc9yrFr0xXdbba91rFfpec8Eeeu0x% Xdbba9frFj0-OqFfea0dXdd9vqaq-JfrVkFHe9pgea0dXdar-Jb9hs% 0dXdbPYxe9vr0-vr0-vqpWqaaeaabiGaciaacaqabeaadaqaaqGaaO% qaaiaacIcacqaHYoGycqGHsislcqaHYoGydaWgaaWcbaGaamOyaaqa% baGccaGGPaWaaWbaaSqabeaacaGG9caaaaaa!4442!\[(\beta - \beta _b )^\raise.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-.1em/ \kern-.15em\lower.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$} \] with the dual solutions branching out from the single solution at βb. Then, on considering a simple transient problem (which provides an exact solution of the Navier-Stokes equations when β=1.0) it is found that the branch having the greatest value of the wall shear stress (for a given β) is stable while the other is unstable, the bifurcation point being the point of exchange of stability.

On the dual solutions associated with boundary-layer equations in a corner

A formulation of the problem posed by the flow along stream wise corners is presented. The corners are imagined to be formed by the abutment of two quarter-infinite planes along a side edge parallel to a uniform stream, and the treatment is general to any angle between the planes except the limiting angles 0 and 360 deg. The secondary shear layer, which exists in streamwise corner flows, is shown to exhibit a simple antisymmetric behavior for angles equidistant from 180 deg. This is explained in terms of the matching requirement between the potential flow and the outflow from the quasi-two-dimensional boundary layers adjacent to the corner layer. Numerical results are given in the form of velocity and wall shear stress distributions for corners of different angle. Agreement between these new results and available solutions for rectangular corners is excellent. I. Introduction T HE flow in a rectangular streamwise corner formed by two semi-infinite rigid planes with coplanar leading edges has been treated in detail by Rubin et al. 1-3 More recently, Desai and Mangier4 have published a method for dealing with corners of arbitrary angle, and Ghia5 has reconsidered the rectangular corner. The solutions by Rubin and Ghia are in close agreement in most respects, but differ significantly from Desai and Mangier's results for the rectangular corner, particularly with regard to the secondary flow or crossflow. A new formulation of the problem posed by the corner of arbitrary angle is presented herein, and the result is a set of equations that, when specialized to meet the rectangular corner situation, coincide with those obtained by Rubin. 1 Numerical results are given for the velocity and wall shear stress distributions for corner included angles ranging from 90 to 270 deg. The numerical method of solution adopted is rather similar to that used by Ghia, and the results for a rectangular corner are in excellent agreement with Ghia's solution for that case. II. Analysis A. Equations of Motion The corner is formed by the abutment of two quarterinfinite planes joined along a side edge which is parallel to an infinite uniform stream of velocity U. A coordinate system suitable for the present purpose is the x*,x2,x3 system indicated in Fig. 1. The origin is in the symmetry plane at the leading edge. The x1 axis is directed downstream. The x2 and x3 axes are normal to x1 and lie, respectively, in the symmetry plane and in one of the joining quarter-infinite planes in order to form a right-handed oblique reference frame. The disturbance caused by the corner to the otherwise uniform stream will result in a flow velocity vector which is a function of position and whose physical components in the x*,x2,x3 directions we will denote by t;(l), v(2)9 v(3), respectively. We will omit the routing but laborious procedure which shows that the governing equations, namely the Navier-Stokes and mass continuity equations, for steady incompressible flow can be written as

Flow in Streamwise Corners of Arbitrary Angle

Three-dimensional mixed convection laminar boundary-layer near a plane of symmetry

In this paper we investigate the three-dimensional laminar incompressible steady flow along a corner formed by joining two similar quarter-infinite unswept wedges along a side-edge. We show that a four-region construction of the potential flow arises naturally for this flow problem, the formulation being generally valid for a corner of an arbitrary angle (π−2α), including the limiting cases of semi- and quarter-infinite flat-plate configurations. This construction leads to five distinct three-dimensional boundary-layer regions, whereby both the spanwise length and velocity scales of the blending intermediate layers are O(δ), with Re−1/2 [Lt ] δ [Lt ] 1, Re being a reference Reynolds number supposed to be large. This reveals crucial differences between concave and convex corner flows. For the latter flow regime, the corner-layer motion is shown to be mainly controlled by the secondary flow which effectively reduces to that past sharp wedges with solutions being unique and existing only for favourable streamwise pressure gradients. In this regime, the corner-layer thickness is shown to be O(Re−0.5+α/π/δ2α/π), −½π [les ] α [les ] 0, which is much smaller than O(Re−1/2) for concave corner flows.Crucially, our numerical results show conclusively that, for α ≠ 0, closed streamwise symmetrically disposed vortices are generated inside the intermediate layers, confirming thus the prediction made by Moore (1956) for a rectangular corner, which has so far remained unconfirmed in the literature.For almost planar corners, three-dimensional corner boundary-layer features are shown, as in (Smith 1975), to arise when α ∼ O(1/ln Re). On the other hand, we show that the flow past a quarter-infinite flat plate would be attained when both values of the streamwise pressure gradient and external corner angle (π+2α) become O(1/ln Re) or smaller.Numerical results for all these flow regimes are presented and discussed.

A. Ridha

Papers

Aiding flows non-unique similarity solutions of mixed-convection boundary-layer equations

On the dual solutions associated with boundary-layer equations in a corner

Flow in Streamwise Corners of Arbitrary Angle

Three-dimensional mixed convection laminar boundary-layer near a plane of symmetry

Flow along streamwise corners revisited