8. Subset Selection in Regression (Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability, no. 40). By A. J. Miller. ISBN 0 412 35380 6. Chapman and Hall, London, 1990. 240 pp. £25.00.

Subset Selection in Regression

aLLiSon perry Reefs at Risk Revisited ContriButing inStitutionS Reefs at Risk Revisited is a project of the World Resources Institute (WRI), developed and implemented in close collaboration with The Nature Conservancy (TNC), the WorldFish Center, the International Coral Reef Action Network (ICRAN), the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), and the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN). Many other government agencies, international organizations, research institutions, universities, nongovernmental organizations, and initiatives provided scientific guidance, contributed data, and reviewed results, including:

Reefs at Risk Revisited

Many definitions of food security exist, and these have been the subject of much debate. As early as 1992, Maxwell and Smith (1992) reviewed more than 180 items discussing concepts and definitions, and more definitions have been formulated since (DEFRA, 2006). Whereas many earlier definitions centered on food production, more recent definitions highlight access to food, in keeping with the 1996 World Food Summit definition (FAO, 1996) that food security is met when “all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.” Worldwide attention on food access was given impetus by the food “price spike” in 2007–2008, triggered by a complex set of long- and short-term factors (FAO, 2009b; von Braun and Torero, 2009). FAO concluded, “provisional estimates show that, in 2007, 75 million more people were added to the total number of undernourished relative to 2003–05” (FAO, 2008); this is arguably a low-end estimate (Headey and Fan, 2010). More than enough food is currently produced per capita to feed the global population, yet about 870 million people remained hungry in the period from 2010 to 2012 (FAO et al., 2012). The questions for this chapter are how far climate and its change affect current food production systems and food security and the extent to which they will do so in the future (Figure 7-1).

Food security and food production systems

Contribution of Fisheries and Aquaculture to Food Security and Poverty Reduction: Assessing the Current Evidence

Major changes consistent with the fingerprint of global warming have been reported for nearly every ecosystem on earth. Recently, studies have moved beyond correlation-based inference to demonstrate mechanistic links between warming and biological responses, particularly in regions experiencing rapid change. However, the assessment of climate change impacts and development of adaptation options that humans can undertake are at the earliest stages, particularly for marine systems. Here, we use trends in ocean temperature to characterize regions that can act as natural laboratories or focal points for early learning. These discrete marine ‘hotspots’, where ocean warming is fastest, were identified based on 50 years of historical sea surface temperature data. Persistence of these hotspots into the future was evaluated using global climate models. This analysis provides insights and a starting point for scientists aiming to identify key regions of concern with regard to ocean warming, and illustrates a potential approach for considering additional physical drivers of change such as ocean pH or oxygenation. We found that some hotspot regions were of particular concern due to other non-climate stressors. For instance, many of the marine hotspots occur where human dependence on marine resources is greatest, such as south-east Asia and western Africa, and are therefore of critical consideration in the context of food security. Intensive study and development of comprehensive inter-disciplinary networks based on the hotspot regions identified here will allow earliest testing of management and adaptation pathways, facilitating rapid global learning and implementation of adaptation options to cope with future change.

Identification of global marine hotspots: sentinels for change and vanguards for adaptation action

Planning the use of fish for food security in the Pacific

Socio-economic drivers and indicators for artisanal coastal fisheries in Pacific island countries and territories and their use for fisheries management strategies

Summary and conclusions While there is no doubt that fishing and its related activities are extremely important for men and women in coastal areas of PICTs (Lambeth 2000; Wil-liams et al. 2002; Bennett 2005), it is uncertain what percentage of the estimated subsistence catch (about 70–80% of the total inshore catch) is accounted for by fisherwomen (Lambeth et al. 2002). Our results provide insight into quantitative catch rates of fish-erwomen across the region, and as compared by cultural groups. Earlier studies that suggested that women’s contributions are substantive (Avalos 1995; Passfield 2001; Rawlinson et al. 1985) are confirmed, particularly for Melanesian communities. However, our results also indicate that fishermen are mainly responsible for the total annual catch of a commu-nity, most of which is sold on the local market to people not belonging to the fishermen’s community. Thus, our results highlight the importance of target-ing subsistence and commercial artisanal fishers, dif-ferences in gender contributions to both of these, and differences between cultural groups.Our results also reveal that in addition to major dif-ferences that exist between fishermen’s and fisher-woman’s finfisheries by impact (measured as total annual catch), the fishing done by both gender groups varies substantially by investment (meas-ured in total hours spent fishing), fishing strategy (measured in number of months fished during the year, frequency and duration of fishing trips, use of boat transport for fishing, timing of fishing trips), productivity (measured as average annual catch) and efficiency (measured as CPUE, i.e. kg of catch per hour of fishing trip). The fact that men spent sig-nificantly more time fishing than women is a func-tion of a higher number of months fished throughout

Fishing impact and food security - Gender differences in finfisheries across Pacific Island countries and cultural groups

Reef finfishing pressure risk model for Pacific Island countries and territories

Despite Whiting’s statement that “women never hunt” (1941, quoted in O’Brien 1984), it is generally acknowledged that Pacific Island women have traditionally participated in, and are becoming increasingly involved with, coastal fisheries. The fact that fishing is one of the cornerstones of people’s livelihood in Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) may serve as an explanation. Traditionally, the sea has provided food and items for bartering and exchange. Today, marine resources are still crucial to people in PICTs, a region that is believed to have the highest average per capita consumption of seafood in the world. Marine resources also provide the basis for income generation and make a vital contribution to national revenues.

Women never hunt - but fish: Highlighting equality for women in policy formulation and strategic planning in the coastal fisheries sector in Pacific Island countries

A. Vunisea

Papers

Planning the use of fish for food security in the Pacific

Socio-economic drivers and indicators for artisanal coastal fisheries in Pacific island countries and territories and their use for fisheries management strategies

Fishing impact and food security - Gender differences in finfisheries across Pacific Island countries and cultural groups

Reef finfishing pressure risk model for Pacific Island countries and territories

Women never hunt - but fish: Highlighting equality for women in policy formulation and strategic planning in the coastal fisheries sector in Pacific Island countries