Effect of fuel injection timing and pressure on combustion, emissions and performance characteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine

Impact of low temperature combustion attaining strategies on diesel engine emissions for diesel and biodiesels: A review

Biodiesel has proved to be an environment friendly alternative fuel for diesel engine because it can alleviate regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions. However, most researchers have observed a significant increase in NO x emissions with biodiesel when compared to petrodiesel. The exact cause of this increase is still unclear; however, researchers believe that the fuel properties have been shown to effect the emissions of NO x . The present work reviews the effect of fuel properties and composition on NO x emissions from biodiesel fuelled engines. The paper is organised in three sections. The first section deals with the NO x formation mechanisms. In the following section, the reasons for increased NO x emissions of biodiesel fuel are discussed. After this, the influence of composition and fuel properties on NO x emissions from biodiesel fuelled engines has been reviewed. Finally, some general conclusions concerning this problem are summarised and further researches are pointed out.

Influence of fuel properties and composition on NOx emissions from biodiesel powered diesel engines: A review

https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/files/22609805/Review_Particle_Number_Size_Distributions_FINAL_V5_POSTPROOF.pdf

Review: Particle number size distributions from seven major sources and implications for source apportionment studies

Effect of fuel injection pressure and injection timing on spray characteristics and particulate size-number distribution in a biodiesel fuelled common rail direct injection diesel engine.

Studies conducted over the last decade have well established a direct relationship between deteriorating human health and diesel engine exhaust. Biodiesel has shown a lot of promise in terms of both its relatively higher combustion efficiency and lower harmful emissions. Biodiesel has the potential to replace a significant amount of the petroleum used to power diesel engines. The emissions from biodiesel are different than petroleum-based diesel and it is important to understand how they are different with respect to the levels emitted and the combustibility of the particulates. One of the major pollutants emitted from engine exhaust is particulate matter (PM). PM emitted from tailpipes contains a variety of toxic contaminants either embedded or adsorbed on its surface. This study provides a one to one comparison between PM emitted from a mid-size engine running on petroleum-based diesel versus biodiesel. The key physical and chemical parameters analyzed include metals, benzene soluble organic fraction, elemental and organic carbon fractions, particle morphology, particle number and size distribution. This is the first study of its kind where various aspects of the PM emitted from a biodiesel-operated engine have been extensively studied. The major results from the study showed that metals that come from engine wear are not present in biodiesel exhaust particulate due to its self lubricating properties. Samples collected of mineral diesel exhaust are relatively darker in color and stickier than biodiesel exhaust. Biodiesel and its blends gave more benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF) in engine exhaust particulate matter than mineral diesel at all operating conditions. B100 gave higher number of smaller particles in its exhaust than mineral diesel; comprehensively all size particles were also higher in case of B100. Peak particle concentrations for biodiesel were shifted towards smaller size particles. As load increases, B20 emission performance in terms of particle concentrations improves very rapidly and even surpasses mineral diesel emission performance. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images for B100 and B20 showed granular structure particulates with bigger grain size compared to mineral diesel. Among B100, B20 and mineral diesel, total particle accumulation was maximum for mineral diesel.

Particulate emissions from biodiesel vs diesel fuelled compression ignition engine

Measurement of number and size distribution of particles emitted from a mid-sized transportation multipoint port fuel injection gasoline engine

This study was primarily focused on analyzing particulate matter coming out of engine exhaust from diesel and straight vegetable oils (SVO) for the following parameters: (1) Benzene soluble organic fraction (BSOF), (2) Metal traces, and (3) Particulate surface morphology. Hence, the exhaust from a small compression ignition (CI) engine emitted under varying engine load conditions at constant engine speed was extensively analyzed for its chemical constituents and PM morphology. Two fuels, namely mineral diesel and straight vegetable oil, were tested with this engine and the engine emissions were compared in order to assess their relative toxic potential. One of the major findings of this study suggested that by preheating, viscosity of vegetable oil can be lowered to the level of mineral diesel, and vegetable oil gives better particulate emission results than mineral diesel in terms of lower toxic metal emissions as well as less soot formation.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786826.2010.486386

Toxic Potential Evaluation of Particulate Matter Emitted from a Constant Speed Compression Ignition Engine: A Comparison between Straight Vegetable Oil and Mineral Diesel

The effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of two high-carbon-containing (1.5 and 3 at%) single-phase face-centered cubic (fcc) Fe40.4Ni11.3Mn34.8Al7.5Cr6 high-entropy alloys is reported in this study. In the cold-rolled (CR) condition, the 1.5 and 3 at% C-containing alloys, referred to as CR1 and CR2, respectively, demonstrated yield strength values of 1,423 and 1,197 MPa, respectively. The corresponding values of elongation to failure was noted to be 4.05 and 4.46%, respectively. Upon heat treatment at 1,050°C, the CR1 and CR2 samples, referred to as HT1 and HT2 in the heat-treated (HT) condition, demonstrated yield strength values of 358 and 327 MPa, respectively. The elongation to failure of HT1 and HT2 was found to be 37.2 and 26.4%, respectively. The change in mechanical properties brought about by heat treatment was understood by studying the phase composition, microstructure, and crystallographic texture of the material in the CR and HT conditions. Despite the high-temperature heat treatment, the Fe40.4Ni11.3Mn34.8Al7.5Cr6 alloy retained a single-phase structure, indicating good phase stability. However, heat treatment caused a change in the grain structure. The CR materials exhibited an elongated grain structure, whereas the HT materials had an equiaxed microstructure. The CR and HT samples were found to exhibit a weak crystallographic texture although heat treatment had caused the {111} poles to orient themselves parallel to the rolling plane, whereas the CR material had a distribution of {200} poles at 45° to the rolling plane.

Abhishek Kothari

Papers

Particulate emissions from biodiesel vs diesel fuelled compression ignition engine

Measurement of number and size distribution of particles emitted from a mid-sized transportation multipoint port fuel injection gasoline engine

Toxic Potential Evaluation of Particulate Matter Emitted from a Constant Speed Compression Ignition Engine: A Comparison between Straight Vegetable Oil and Mineral Diesel

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Carbon-Containing Fe-Ni-Mn-Al-Cr High-Entropy Alloy: Effect of Thermomechanical Treatment