The static and dynamic approaches to the determination of design wind loads have been summarised along with the various assumptions, approximations and limitations involved. The application of these two approaches using the Australian Standard AS1170.2 is discussed along with comparisons from wind tunnel measurements.

Wind loading of structures

Advances in approaches and methods for self-cleaning of solar photovoltaic panels

https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/files/30171102/Alammar_et_al_Numerical_Investigation_Applied_Thermal_Engineering.pdf

Numerical investigation of effect of fill ratio and inclination angle on a thermosiphon heat pipe thermal performance

Effects of graphene oxide nanofluids on heat pipe performance and capillary limits

Heat Transfer Performance of a Glass Thermosyphon Using Graphene–Acetone Nanofluid

An attempt is made to design, fabricate and test a miniature heat pipe with 5 mm diameter and 150 mm length with a thermal capacity of 10 W. Experiments were conducted with and without working fluid for different thermal loads to assess the performance of heat pipe. The working fluids chosen for the study were same as those commonly used namely, water, methanol and acetone. The temperature distribution across the heat pipe was measured and recorded using thermocouples. The performance of the heat pipe was quantified in terms of thermal resistance and overall heat transfer coefficient. The amount of liquid filled was varied and the variation of the performance parameters for varying liquid inventory is observed. Finally, optimum liquid fill ratio is identified in terms of lower temperature difference and thermal resistance and higher heat transfer coefficient. The data reported in this study will serve as a good database for the researchers in this field. Overall heat transfer coefficient of the Miniature heat pipe is found to be the maximum for the Acetone as working fluid. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jme.v41i2.7473

/pdf/performance-of-heat-pipe-for-different-working-fluids-and-2ill4gvp81.pdf

Performance of heat pipe for different working fluids and fill ratios

Mean pressure distributions and reattachment lengths for roof-separation bubbles on low-rise buildings

In spite of wide application of heat pipe in microelectronics cooling system, a complete understanding of heat pipe mechanism has not yet been completed. An experimental investigation of heat transfer performance of a heat pipe for dry condition and with three different liquids as acetone, methanol, and water having four fill ratios, for each liquid has been conducted in the present study. The heat pipe was 5 mm in diameter and 150 mm long with a thermal capacity of 10 W. The evaporator and condenser's temperatures were measured with varying input power to estimate the heat transfer coefficient. This study reveals that the dominating parameters for the heat transfer coefficient are evaporator surface temperature, saturated boiling temperature of working fluid, latent heat of vaporization, and fill ratio. The investigation also shows that 85% fill ratio can be regarded as an optimum value for a heat pipe. A new correlation for the heat transfer coefficient has been proposed here which fairly agrees with the experimental results.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2011/825073.pdf

Abul Fahad Akon

Papers

Performance of heat pipe for different working fluids and fill ratios

Mean pressure distributions and reattachment lengths for roof-separation bubbles on low-rise buildings

Characteristics of Heat Transfer for Heat Pipe and Its Correlation

Turbulence structure and similarity in the separated flow above a low building in the atmospheric boundary layer

Effects of turbulence on the separating-reattaching flow above surface-mounted, three-dimensional bluff bodies