Malaria-infected diabetic (MID) patients have become one of the highest diabetic population with comorbidities in Nigeria. While the artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) are used for malaria treatment, glucometers are used to monitor their blood glucose levels. However, some drugs are known to interfere with the accuracy of glucose readings leading to misdiagnosis. In this study, we investigated the interferences of artemether and lumefantrine as well as other known drug interferents on the accuracy of glucose readings in three different glucometers commonly used in Nigeria (Accu-Answer®, VivaChek® and GlucoDr®). Blood sample was collected from a healthy volunteer, aliquots of the blood with pure samples of artemether and lumefantrinepowders as well as other known drug interferents were prepared in normal and low pools. The precision study on the glucometers were determined. We find that Accu-Answer® was the only precise glucometer considering its coefficient of variation. The influence of the artemether and lumefantrine was mild in two glucometers andthe predicted binding affinities showed possible binding interactions that may have caused their interferences.

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Study of Glucometer Precision and Antimalarial Therapy Interference on Glucose Readings in Nigeria

Background: Malaria and diabetes mellitus are still a significant global public health problem despite the phenomenal progresses in clinical sciences related to the diseases. Both anemia and malaria parasitemia are common in developing countries. It is therefore important to diagnose and determine the correlation between anemia level and malaria infection severity in diabetic patients for better management.  Methods: Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) infected with malaria were recruited (n=50) as subjects and non-diabetic patients were used as control in this study, who were further divided into two sub-group: non-DM infected with malaria (n=25) and non-DM without malaria parasitemia (n=25). Blood sample were collected to examine the fasting blood sugar (FBS) level, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) level, and malaria parasitemia. Statistical analysis was then performed using ANOVA with a p value of less than or equal to 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The parasite density in DM with malaria was significantly lower (p<0.05) than in the non-DM with malaria. Interestingly, there was a higher PCV and hemoglobin level (p<0.05) in DM with malaria when compared with non-DM with malaria. Conclusion: DM patients infected with plasmodium have low parasite density but higher hemoglobin level and PCV compared to the control group. There is no correlation between the severity of anemia and malaria parasitemia in DM patients infected with malaria when compared to non-diabetic subjects infected with malaria. Further studies are needed to explore the correlation between hemoglobin level in DM and plasmodium infection

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Correlation between Anemia and Malaria Infection Severity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Nigeria

BACKGROUND: Due to widespread use of pesticides, an individual’s lifetime exposure to pesticide mixtures is unavoidable, resulting in potentiation of toxic effects such as changing metabolic signaling temporarily or permanently due to the formation of free radicals among exposed individuals. OBJECTIVE: This study then looked at the expression of leptin and insulin receptors in Wistar rats exposed to pyrethroid and its effects on adipokines and glycemic indices. METHODS: 84 Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into two groups. 51 rats were exposed to 1.2 % w/v pyrethroid insecticides, while the remaining 33 rats were grouped as non-exposed. The groups were divided into three different groups, each with 7, 21, and 41 days. The animals were anesthetically sacrificed and samples of blood were collected after days of exposure. The levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), glucose and lipids were determined. Blood activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) were also determined. ELISA was used to assess leptin, adiponectin, insulin, CRP, IL-6, and TNFα. Glycaemic indices were calculated appropriately. Leptin and Insulin expression was determined using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Data obtained were statistically compared, and P≤0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean TChol, TAG, and HDL-C were significantly different (p < 0.05) among the exposed groups. The serum mean levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH, TAS, QUICKI, TNFα, IL6, and CRP were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), while mean levels of MDA, H2O2, NO, insulin, HOMA-IR, FIRI, leptin, and adiponectin were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in exposed groups. The relative expression of insulin and leptin genes in exposed and non-exposed groups was also shown by column. CONCLUSION: It is self-evident that pyrethroid chemicals exposure may disrupt carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by raising the risk of obesity among the exposed groups.

Adebimpe Iyanuoluwa Moronkeji

Papers

Correlation between Anemia and Malaria Infection Severity in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Nigeria

Serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers, glycaemic control indices and leptin receptors expression in adult male Wistar rats exposed to Pyrethroids