Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Fifty subjects each were used to compare the lipid profiles of diabetes mellitus patients with non-diabetic patients attending the University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Fasting blood samples collected into suitable anticoagulant tubes from both groups and the plasma was analyzed for fasting blood sugar (FBS) and lipid profiles. The FBS was done to confirm diabetes mellitus in conjunction with earlier findings from oral interview and or available historical records of the patients. The mean age of the diabetics, (Group A) was 55.30±9.30 years and their mean FBS was 11.21±2.65 mmol/L. In non-diabetics used as controls, the mean age was 46.36±7.66 years, while the mean FBS was 4.70±1.03 mmol/L. The result showed a significant increase in the total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). There was no significant decrease in the level of high density lipoprotein (HDL). It was therefore concluded that the TC, TG and LDL of diabetics were significantly higher than those of the non-diabetics. The HDL though lower in diabetics, was not significantly different from that of non-diabetics. This pattern of lipid profile in diabetics may therefore be a significant risk factor for the increased rate of cardiovascular problem in diabetics than normal patients. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Lipids, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, Nigeria International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences , 5(3): 271-275, 2009

Lipid Profiles of Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Patients Attending the University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria

Air fresheners are widely used as a means of eliminating bad odour, albeit, it has been reported to be associated with some health risks. This work investigated the effect of acute exposure to air freshener on the antioxidant biomarkers of Wistar rats. Twenty-four Wistar rats were used for this study. The rats were divided into four groups of six rats each, labeled group 1, group 2, group 3, and group 4. Group 1, served as control which was not exposed to air freshener. Groups 2, 3 and 4 were exposed in a tightly enclosed cage to air freshener at 6, 9 and 12 h daily, respectively. The rats were sacrificed and blood collected in a sample bottle for analysis of the following antioxidants biomarkers; reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) after 14 and 28 days of exposure. The results showed that the blood MDA concentration increased significantly at p≤0.05 with increase in exposure time, a concurrent decrease in catalase and reduced glutathione concentration was observed significantly in the exposed groups when compared to the control. The decrease in SOD was concentration dependent, although not statistically significant, while an inconsistent decrease in the GPx and GST concentrations were observed in exposed groups when compared with the control group. These findings suggest that exposure to air freshener increased oxidative stress, thereby posing potential health hazards to the regular consumers. This study therefore suggests a reduction in exposure to air fresheners as its adverse health effect is proportional to the length of exposure.

	Key words: Air freshener, antioxidant, air pollution, oxidative stress.

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Exposure to air freshner and its distresses on the antioxidant biomarkers of male Wistar rats

BACKGROUND: Due to widespread use of pesticides, an individual’s lifetime exposure to pesticide mixtures is unavoidable, resulting in potentiation of toxic effects such as changing metabolic signaling temporarily or permanently due to the formation of free radicals among exposed individuals. OBJECTIVE: This study then looked at the expression of leptin and insulin receptors in Wistar rats exposed to pyrethroid and its effects on adipokines and glycemic indices. METHODS: 84 Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into two groups. 51 rats were exposed to 1.2 % w/v pyrethroid insecticides, while the remaining 33 rats were grouped as non-exposed. The groups were divided into three different groups, each with 7, 21, and 41 days. The animals were anesthetically sacrificed and samples of blood were collected after days of exposure. The levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), glucose and lipids were determined. Blood activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) were also determined. ELISA was used to assess leptin, adiponectin, insulin, CRP, IL-6, and TNFα. Glycaemic indices were calculated appropriately. Leptin and Insulin expression was determined using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Data obtained were statistically compared, and P≤0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean TChol, TAG, and HDL-C were significantly different (p < 0.05) among the exposed groups. The serum mean levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH, TAS, QUICKI, TNFα, IL6, and CRP were significantly reduced (p < 0.05), while mean levels of MDA, H2O2, NO, insulin, HOMA-IR, FIRI, leptin, and adiponectin were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in exposed groups. The relative expression of insulin and leptin genes in exposed and non-exposed groups was also shown by column. CONCLUSION: It is self-evident that pyrethroid chemicals exposure may disrupt carbohydrate and lipid metabolism by raising the risk of obesity among the exposed groups.

Serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers, glycaemic control indices and leptin receptors expression in adult male Wistar rats exposed to Pyrethroids

Indiscriminate use of pesticides appears to increase the production of free radicals in organisms such as humans and other animals. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pyrethroid insecticides on oxidative stress biomarkers and atherogenic indices in exposed adult Wistar rats. A total number of apparently healthy 60 Wistar rats were randomly selected for this study and divided into two groups. Thirty six (36) were exposed to 1.2 % w/v pyrethroid insecticides while the remaining twenty four (24) were grouped as non-exposed. The animals in each group were anesthetized and blood sample was collected from the inferior vena cava after days of exposure. Plasma levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), Nitric Oxide (NO) and lipids profiles were determined using standard spectrophotometric techniques. Plasma activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and catalase (CAT) were determined using standard spectrophotometric techniques. Statistical analysis of data was obtained and P<0.05 was considered significant. The mean TChol and HDL were significantly higher in 7days than 41days exposure, while plasma mean TChol and HDL were significantly lower in 41days than 21days exposure. The plasma mean levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH and TAS were significantly decreasing while plasma mean levels of MDA, H2O2 and NO were significantly increasing from 7 days through 41 days exposure in exposed groups irrespective of the gender. In conclusion, this study observed that there is oxidative stress in Wistar rats exposed to pyrethroids based insecticides and lowered antioxidant defenses also observed in the studied population. Also, there was increased in weight differences with possibility of becoming obese. Thus, antioxidant supplements are advised as a prophylactic supportive therapy for adequate measures in preventing development of oxidative stress-associated complications among exposed individuals.

http://www.nwpii.com/ajbms/papers/AJBMS_2017_2_03.pdf

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Atherogenic Indices in Adult Wistar Rats Exposed to Pyrethroid Insecticides

BACKGROUND: Insecticide usage has increased in the tropics and subtropics due to the high prevalence of vector-borne infections, even though insecticide use effectively reduces insect-borne diseases. Insecticide exposure can cause oxidative stress and have severe consequences for human health. The study was then designed to evaluate oxidative stress and its effects on immunomodulatory and renal integrity among Wistar rats exposed to pyrethroids. METHODS: Eighty-four Wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into two groups. Fifty-one rats were exposed to 1.2 %w/v pyrethroids, while the remaining thirty-three rats were grouped as non-exposed. The groups were divided into three different groups, each with 7, 21, and 41 days. After days of exposure, the animals in each group were anesthetized, and blood samples were collected from the inferior vena cava. Using standard spectrophotometric techniques, the levels of total antioxidant status (TAS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), urea, creatinine and uric acid were determined. Blood activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase (CAT) were determined. ELISA was used to determine levels of IgG, IgA, IgE, TNF-α, and NGAL. Data obtained were statistically compared. RESULTS: The serum mean levels of SOD, GPx, CAT, GSH, and TAS were significantly reduced (p <  0.05) while mean levels of MDA, H2O2, IgG, IgE, IgA, TNFα, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), urea, uric acid, and creatinine were significantly elevated (p <  0.05) from 7 to 41 days exposure in exposed groups. NGAL had a higher area under the ROC curve than urea and creatinine. CONCLUSIONS: This study observed that pyrethroids can cause oxidative stress, deplete antioxidant levels, nephrotoxicity, and may modulate both humoral and cellular immune functions. It also established NGAL as a sensitive diagnostic tool and early biomarker for acute kidney injury (AKI).

Immunomodulatory response and serum level of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a marker of acute kidney injury in wistar rats exposed to pyrethroids

Adedeji David Atere

Papers

Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Atherogenic Indices in Adult Wistar Rats Exposed to Pyrethroid Insecticides

Immunomodulatory response and serum level of neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a marker of acute kidney injury in wistar rats exposed to pyrethroids

Serum levels of inflammatory biomarkers, glycaemic control indices and leptin receptors expression in adult male Wistar rats exposed to Pyrethroids