Liposomes — microscopic phospholipid bubbles with a bilayered membrane structure — have received a lot of attention during the past 30 years as pharmaceutical carriers of great potential. More recently, many new developments have been seen in the area of liposomal drugs — from clinically approved products to new experimental applications, with gene delivery and cancer therapy still being the principal areas of interest. For further successful development of this field, promising trends must be identified and exploited, albeit with a clear understanding of the limitations of these approaches.

Recent advances with liposomes as pharmaceutical carriers.

Hydrogels in pharmaceutical formulations.

介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

Transdermal drug delivery has made an important contribution to medical practice, but has yet to fully achieve its potential as an alternative to oral delivery and hypodermic injections. First-generation transdermal delivery systems have continued their steady increase in clinical use for delivery of small, lipophilic, low-dose drugs. Second-generation delivery systems using chemical enhancers, noncavitational ultrasound and iontophoresis have also resulted in clinical products; the ability of iontophoresis to control delivery rates in real time provides added functionality. Third-generation delivery systems target their effects to skin's barrier layer of stratum corneum using microneedles, thermal ablation, microdermabrasion, electroporation and cavitational ultrasound. Microneedles and thermal ablation are currently progressing through clinical trials for delivery of macromolecules and vaccines, such as insulin, parathyroid hormone and influenza vaccine. Using these novel second- and third-generation enhancement strategies, transdermal delivery is poised to significantly increase its impact on medicine.

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Transdermal drug delivery

Stimuli-reponsive polymers and their bioconjugates

Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: The Arrival of Recombinant Proteins What is Biotechnology The Biotechnology Industry Regulatory Aspects of Biotechnology-Derived Drugs Immunogenicity of Proteins Structure-Based Drug Design Conclusions Structure and Analysis of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins Amino Acids: Building Blocks of Proteins Structure of Peptides and Proteins Protein Conformation and Other Structural Features Analytical Methods Conclusions Stability of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins Introduction Physical Instability Chemical instability Well-Characterized Products and Comparability Protocols Conclusions Preformulation and Formulation of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins Introduction Preformulation Studies Formulation Development Pharmaceutical Excipients in Formulations Aggregation in Protein Formulations Novel Formulation Approaches Accelerated Stability Testing Statistical Design for Formulation Development Conclusions Lyophilization, Pharmaceutical Processing, and Handling of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins Introduction Protein Destabilization Induced by Pharmaceutical Processing Lyophilization as a Pharmaceutical Process Alternative Pharmaceutical Processes Handling of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins Conclusions Parenteral Controlled Delivery and Pharmacokinetics of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins Introduction Pharmacokinetics of Peptide and Protein Drugs Polymers Used for Controlled Delivery of Peptides and Proteins Parenteral Controlled Release Systems Innovations in Parenteral Administration of Proteins Examples of Protein Pharmacokinetics Conclusions Oral Delivery of Peptide and Protein Drugs Introduction Barriers to Protein Absorption and Pathways of Penetration Approaches to Improve Oral Delivery Methods to Study Oral Absorption Oral Immunization Conclusions Transdermal and Topical Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins Introduction Skin Structure Approaches to Enhance Transdermal Peptide Delivery Iontophoresis Topical Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins Conclusions Pulmonary and Other Mucosal Delivery of Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins Introduction Pulmonary Delivery Nasal Delivery Rectal Delivery Buccal Delivery Ocular Delivery Comparative Evaluation of Mucosal Routes Conclusions Recombinant Protein Subunit Vaccines and Delivery Methods Introduction Immunology Relevant to Vaccines Routes of Administration Delivery Approaches for Administration of Vaccines Case example: Hepatitis B Future Outlook and Regulatory Status Conclusions

Therapeutic peptides and proteins : formulation, processing, and delivery systems

Iontophoretic delivery of drugs: Fundamentals, developments and biomedical applications

Effect of Surfactants on the Physical Stability of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone

Iontophoresis and electroporation: comparisons and contrasts.

To characterize solid maltose microneedles and assess their ability to increase transdermal drug delivery. Microneedles and microchannels were characterized using methylene blue staining and scanning electron microscopy. Diffusion pattern of calcein was observed using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements were made to study the skin barrier recovery after treatment. Uniformity in calcein uptake by the pores was characterized and percutaneous penetration of nicardipine hydrochloride (NH) was studied in vitro and in vivo across hairless rat skin. Microneedles were measured to be 508.46 ± 9.32 μm long with a radius of curvature of 3 μm at the tip. They penetrated the skin while creating microchannels measuring about 55.42 ± 8.66 μm in diameter. Microchannels were visualized by methylene blue staining. Pretreatment with microneedles resulted in the migration of calcein into the microchannels. TEWL increased after pretreatment and uptake of calcein by the pores was uniform as measured by the pore permeability index values. NH in vitro transport across skin increased significantly after pretreatment (flux 7.05 μg/cm2/h) as compared to the untreated skin (flux 1.72 μg/cm2/h) and the enhanced delivery was also demonstrated in vivo in hairless rats. Maltose microneedles were characterized and shown to create microchannels in the skin, which were also characterized and shown to improve the transdermal delivery of NH.

Ajay K. Banga

Papers

Therapeutic peptides and proteins : formulation, processing, and delivery systems

Iontophoretic delivery of drugs: Fundamentals, developments and biomedical applications

Effect of Surfactants on the Physical Stability of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone

Iontophoresis and electroporation: comparisons and contrasts.

Characterization of solid maltose microneedles and their use for transdermal delivery.