Review on transesterification of non-edible sources for biodiesel production with a focus on economic aspects, fuel properties and by-product applications

Biodiesel is one of the potential alternative energy sources that can be derived from renewable and low-grade origin through different processes. One of the processes is alcoholysis or transesterification in the presence of a suitable catalyst. The catalyst can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. This article reviews various catalysts used for biodiesel production to date, presents the state of the art of types of catalysts and compares their suitability and associated challenges in the transesterification process. Biodiesel production using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis has been studied extensively and novel heterogeneous catalysts are being continuously investigated. Homogeneous catalysts are generally efficient in converting biodiesel with low free fatty acid (FFA) and water containing single-origin feedstock. Heterogeneous catalysts, on the other hand, provide superior activity, range of selectivity, good FFA and water adaptability. The quantity and strengths of active acid or basic sites control these properties. Some of the heterogeneous catalysts such as zirconia and zeolite-based catalysts can be used as both basic and acidic catalyst by suitable alteration. Heterogeneous catalysts from waste and biocatalysts play an essential role in attaining a sustainable alternative to traditional homogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Recently, high catalytic efficiency at mild operating conditions has drawn attention to nanocatalysts. This review evaluates the state of the art and perspectives for catalytic biodiesel production and assesses the critical operational variables that influence biodiesel production along with the technological solutions for sustainable implementation of the process.

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State of the Art of Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

Progress in utilisation of waste cooking oil for sustainable biodiesel and biojet fuel production

A comprehensive review of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil and its use as fuel in compression ignition engines: 3rd generation cleaner feedstock

Biodiesel has emerged as a promising alternative to energy sources due to its eco-friendly and renewable nature. However, the issue associated with traditional biodiesel production is the expensive production cost on the industrial scale, mainly contributed by the raw materials. Therefore, catalyst plays an important role with the purpose to speed up the overall biodiesel production rate and minimizing the production cost. Over the course, numerous researches have been done on various types of catalyst in biodiesel production. Henceforth, this review comprises of a comprehensive overview of biodiesel production by discussing the latest trends, that utilizes biomass waste-derived biochar catalyst. Apart from that, the focus of this review will be on magnetic catalyst (derived from both biomass and non-biomass) used in biodiesel synthesis whereby the magnetic catalyst synthesis method and characterisation, as well as compilation of experimental data of different literatures on using magnetic catalyst will be included in the framework of this paper. Moreover, the magnetic catalyst reusability studies are also highlighted in this review. Application of biomass-based magnetic catalyst in biodiesel production may be one of the solutions to overcome the catalyst separation issue and to further the development of economically feasible biodiesel industry and ultimately, transforming the current energy options into a greener and more sustainable sources of energy.

An overview of biodiesel production using recyclable biomass and non-biomass derived magnetic catalysts

Waste materials as potential catalysts for biodiesel production: Current state and future scope

The alcoholysis process requires high activity catalysts for biodiesel production. Heterogeneous catalysts have been proven to possess highly active nature and are environment-friendly. The present...

An overview of solid base heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production

https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/243694/1/1683639421.pdf

Biodiesel production from Terminalia bellerica using eggshell-based green catalyst: An optimization study with response surface methodology

Experimental investigations of effects of cycle time on NOx emission in a hydrogen fueled multi-cylinder automotive spark ignition engine

This study deals with the frictional power of each moving part in hydrogen fueled multi-cylinder spark ignition engine. The moving parts such as piston, rings, bearings, cam, and roller follower are considered for this study. The engine was run at a constant speed of 1500 rpm with different loads. The indicated power of the engine is calculated using the in-cylinder pressure data, and the brake power is measured with respect to different loads. The frictional power of each moving component is calcu-lated using the models available in the literature. The constants of the models are calibrated for the engine with the input of the measured experimental data. The frictional power of the components increases with an increase in the engine’s load. The friction between the piston and the ring with the liner is the highest among other components’ friction due to mainly gas pressure (in the piston rings) acting on the piston being the highest. The percentages of frictional power of each moving component at the power output of 15.1 kW are 30.8% (friction in piston rings due to gas pressure), 18.4% (piston skirt), 13.4 % (bearings), 8.5 % (cam), 6.9 % (piston ring tension) at applied engine load of 15.1 kW. This study results could be useful to find avenues for reducing the friction of the moving parts to enhance the fuel economy and endurance life of the engines. 

/pdf/experimental-investigation-of-frictional-power-apportionment-rtcc6sze.pdf

Akshey Marwaha

Papers

Waste materials as potential catalysts for biodiesel production: Current state and future scope

An overview of solid base heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production

Biodiesel production from Terminalia bellerica using eggshell-based green catalyst: An optimization study with response surface methodology

Experimental investigations of effects of cycle time on NOx emission in a hydrogen fueled multi-cylinder automotive spark ignition engine

Experimental Investigation of Frictional Power Apportionment of Moving Parts in a Hydrogen fuelled Multi-cylinder Spark Ignition Engine