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Resolving surface chemical states in XPS analysis of first row transition metals, oxides and hydroxides: Sc, Ti, V, Cu and Zn

Solid-state electrolytes are attracting increasing interest for electrochemical energy storage technologies. In this Review, we provide a background overview and discuss the state of the art, ion-transport mechanisms and fundamental properties of solid-state electrolyte materials of interest for energy storage applications. We focus on recent advances in various classes of battery chemistries and systems that are enabled by solid electrolytes, including all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries and emerging solid-electrolyte lithium batteries that feature cathodes with liquid or gaseous active materials (for example, lithium–air, lithium–sulfur and lithium–bromine systems). A low-cost, safe, aqueous electrochemical energy storage concept with a ‘mediator-ion’ solid electrolyte is also discussed. Advanced battery systems based on solid electrolytes would revitalize the rechargeable battery field because of their safety, excellent stability, long cycle lives and low cost. However, great effort will be needed to implement solid-electrolyte batteries as viable energy storage systems. In this context, we discuss the main issues that must be addressed, such as achieving acceptable ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability and mechanical properties of the solid electrolytes, as well as a compatible electrolyte/electrode interface. This Review details recent advances in battery chemistries and systems enabled by solid electrolytes, including all-solid-state lithium-ion, lithium–air, lithium–sulfur and lithium–bromine batteries, as well as an aqueous battery concept with a mediator-ion solid electrolyte.

Lithium battery chemistries enabled by solid-state electrolytes

Metal Oxides and Oxysalts as Anode Materials for Li Ion Batteries

The results of a systematic XPS study, under high controlled conditions, of different basic oxides of transition metals, alkali and alkaline-earth metals are presented; the XPS data of some hydroxides and peroxides are also reported. Variations of the O 1s binding energies are analysed and one point of interest is the large
 binding energy scale obtained for O 1s peaks all associated with a ‘‘2−
’’ formal charge. Through extended
 Huckel theory-tight binding (EHT-TB) calculations, attempts are made to rationalize the observed variations.
 The results illustrate
 the significant
 differences
 between real
 charges on oxygen atoms in transition metal and alkaline-earth oxides.

Systematic XPS studies of metal oxides, hydroxides and peroxides

A review of conduction phenomena in Li-ion batteries

Synthesis and characterization of new solid electrolyte conductors of lithium ions

XPS investigations of TiOySz amorphous thin films used as positive electrode in lithium microbatteries

Thin films of molybdenum oxysulphides which could be used as positive electrode materials in microbatteries were analysed by XPS. The results have shown the existence of a new environment for molybdenum with S 2 2- pairs, S 2- and O 2- ions. The evolution of these thin films MoOySz at different stages of their cycle in experimental generators has also been studied; the main elements involved in the redox processes have been characterized: molybdenum atoms with+6 formal oxidation number and disulphide pairs S 2 2-

Alain Levasseur

Papers

Synthesis and characterization of new solid electrolyte conductors of lithium ions

XPS investigations of TiOySz amorphous thin films used as positive electrode in lithium microbatteries

XPS analysis of lithium intercalation in thin films of molybdenum oxysulphides

Elaboration and characterization of lithium conducting thin film glasses

Thin film lithium ion conducting LiBSO solid electrolyte