物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

How we Think

An Introduction to MultiAgent Systems.

The cultural origins of human cognition

This paper explores the question of ethical governance for robotics and artificial intelligence (AI) systems. We outline a roadmap-which links a number of elements, including ethics, standards, regulation, responsible research and innovation, and public engagement-as a framework to guide ethical governance in robotics and AI. We argue that ethical governance is essential to building public trust in robotics and AI, and conclude by proposing five pillars of good ethical governance.This article is part of the theme issue 'Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal, and technical opportunities and challenges'.

/pdf/ethical-governance-is-essential-to-building-trust-in-3it5noms1k.pdf

Ethical governance is essential to building trust in robotics and artificial intelligence systems.

Interactive robots have the potential to revolutionise the study of social behaviour because they provide several methodological advances. In interactions with live animals, the behaviour of robots can be standardised, morphology and behaviour can be decoupled (so that different morphologies and behavioural strategies can be combined), behaviour can be manipulated in complex interaction sequences and models of behaviour can be embodied by the robot and thereby be tested. Furthermore, robots can be used as demonstrators in experiments on social learning. As we discuss here, the opportunities that robots create for new experimental approaches have far-reaching consequences for research in fields such as mate choice, cooperation, social learning, personality studies and collective behaviour.

/pdf/interactive-robots-in-experimental-biology-2dtq8wedyy.pdf

Interactive robots in experimental biology

AI is here now, available to anyone with access to digital technology and the Internet. But its consequences for our social order aren't well understood. How can we guide the way technology impacts society?

/pdf/standardizing-ethical-design-for-artificial-intelligence-and-320eagq9bc.pdf

Standardizing Ethical Design for Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems

This paper reports on ongoing work to develop ad hoc wireless networking for application in distributed mobile robotics. The paper discusses a mission scenario in which a number of mobile robots are required to autonomously disperse into a physically bounded region, take sensor readings at predetermined time intervals, and then communicate the sense data back to a single collection point. There is assumed to be no overall command and control structure. The robots are assumed to be equipped with low-power short-range wireless network interfaces, which only allow direct communication with near neighbours, and overall an ad hoc (multi-hop) wireless networking scheme is employed. Furthermore, it is assumed that there are insufficient robots to allow full wireless connectivity through the region so that, at any instant, the robots actually appear as a set of disconnected sub-nets (i.e. a broken ad hoc network). The paper proposes a mechanism that exploits the mobility of the robots to overcome the lack of overall wireless network connectivity, resulting in a sub-optimal but robust scheme for garnering sense data. The paper presents simulation results that show how the arithmetic mean data collection delay varies with the number of robots deployed. The paper concludes that in mission scenarios that do not require data collection in real-time and where occasional data loss (erasure) is acceptable, then the proposed data collection mechanism is feasible, robust and economical in terms of the number of robots required.

Distributed Sensing and Data Collection Via Broken Ad Hoc Wireless Connected Networks of Mobile Robots

This article presents a simple adaptation mechanism to automatically adjust the ratio of foragers to resters (division of labor) in a swarm of foraging robots and hence maximize the net energy income to the swarm. Three adaptation rules are introduced based on local sensing and communications. Individual robots use internal cues (successful food retrieval), environmental cues (collisions with team-mates while searching for food) and social cues (team-mate success in food retrieval) to dynamically vary the time spent foraging or resting. Simulation results show that the swarm demonstrates successful adaptive emergent division of labor and robustness to environmental change (in food source density), and we observe that robots need to cooperate more when food is scarce. Furthermore, the adaptation mechanism is able to guide the swarm towards energy optimization despite the limited sensing and communication abilities of the individual robots and the simple social interaction rules. The swarm also exhibits the capacity to collectively perceive environmental changes; a capacity that can only be observed at a group level and cannot be deduced from individual robots.

Alan F. T. Winfield

Papers

Ethical governance is essential to building trust in robotics and artificial intelligence systems.

Interactive robots in experimental biology

Standardizing Ethical Design for Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous Systems

Distributed Sensing and Data Collection Via Broken Ad Hoc Wireless Connected Networks of Mobile Robots

Towards Energy Optimization: Emergent Task Allocation in a Swarm of Foraging Robots