Virtual reality: applications and implications for tourism.

The importance of landscape and heritage recording and documentation with optical remote sensing sensors is well recognized at international level. The continuous development of new sensors, data capture methodologies and multi-resolution 3D representations, contributes significantly to the digital 3D documentation, mapping, conservation and representation of landscapes and heritages and to the growth of research in this field. This article reviews the actual optical 3D measurement sensors and 3D modeling techniques, with their limitations and potentialities, requirements and specifications. Examples of 3D surveying and modeling of heritage sites and objects are also shown throughout the paper.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/3/6/1104/pdf

Heritage Recording and 3D Modeling with Photogrammetry and 3D Scanning

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to outline in detail the procedure of remote data capture using laser scanning and the subsequent processing required in order to identify a new methodology for creating full engineering drawings (orthographic and 3D models) from laser scan and image survey data for historic structures.Design/methodology/approach – Historic building information modelling (HBIM) is proposed as a new system of modelling historic structures; the HBIM process begins with remote collection of survey data using a terrestrial laser scanner combined with digital cameras. A range of software programs is then used to combine the image and scan data.Findings – Meshing of the point cloud followed by texturing from the image data creates a framework for the creation of a 3D model. Mapping of BIM objects onto the 3D surface model is the final stage in the reverse engineering process, creating full 2D and 3D models including detail behind the object's surface concerning its methods of constructi...

Historic building information modelling (HBIM)

Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM) is a novel prototype library of parametric objects, based on historic architectural data and a system of cross platform programmes for mapping parametric objects onto point cloud and image survey data. The HBIM process begins with remote collection of survey data using a terrestrial laser scanner combined with digital photo modelling. The next stage involves the design and construction of a parametric library of objects, which are based on the manuscripts ranging from Vitruvius to 18th century architectural pattern books. In building parametric objects, the problem of file format and exchange of data has been overcome within the BIM ArchiCAD software platform by using geometric descriptive language (GDL). The plotting of parametric objects onto the laser scan surveys as building components to create or form the entire building is the final stage in the reverse engineering process. The final HBIM product is the creation of full 3D models including detail behind the object’s surface concerning its methods of construction and material make-up. The resultant HBIM can automatically create cut sections, details and schedules in addition to the orthographic projections and 3D models (wire frame or textured) for both the analysis and conservation of historic objects, structures and environments.

Historic Building Information Modelling – Adding intelligence to laser and image based surveys of European classical architecture

20 years of research on virtual reality and augmented reality in tourism context: a text-mining approach

This article reports on a multi-resolution and multi-sensor approach developed for the accurate and detailed 3D modeling of the entire Roman Forum in Pompei, Italy. The archaeological area, approximately 150 × 80 m, contains more than 350 finds spread all over the forum as well as larger mural structures of previous buildings and temples. The interdisciplinary 3D modeling work consists of a multi-scale image- and range-based digital documentation method developed to fulfill all the surveying and archaeological needs and exploit all the intrinsic potentialities of the actual 3D modeling techniques. The data resolution spans from a few decimeters down to few millimeters. The employed surveying methodologies have pros and cons which will be addressed and discussed. The results of the integration of the different 3D data in seamlessly textured 3D model are finally presented and discussed.

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1260/147807709788549439

A Multi-Resolution Methodology for the 3D Modeling of Large and Complex Archeological Areas:

The importance of cultural and natural heritage documentation is well recognized at international level, and there is an increasing pressure to document and preserve heritage also digitally. The continuous development of new sensors, data capture methodologies, and multi-resolution 3D representations and the improvement of existing ones can contribute significantly to the 3D documentation, conservation, and digital presentation of heritages and to the growth of the research in this field. The article reviews some important documentation requirements and specifications, the actual 3D surveying and modeling techniques and methodologies with their limitations and potentialities as well some visualization issues involved in the heritage field. Some examples of world heritage sites 3D documentation are reported and discussed.

/pdf/reality-based-3d-documentation-of-natural-and-cultural-4c203l7j7w.pdf

Reality-based 3D documentation of natural and cultural heritage sites—techniques, problems, and examples

3D Virtual reconstruction and visualization of complex architectures: The 3D-ARCH project

Digitally documenting complex heritage sites such as castles is a desirable yet difficult task with no established framework. Although 3D digitizing and modelling with laser scanners, Photogrammetry, and computer aided architectural design (CAAD) are maturing, each alone is inadequate to model an entire castle in details. We present a sequential approach that combines multiple techniques, each where best suited, to capture and model the fine geometric detail of castles. We provide new contributions in several areas: an effective workflow for castle 3D modelling, increasing the level of automation and the seamless integration of models created independently from different data sets. We tested the approach on various castles in Northern Italy and the results demonstrated that it is effective, accurate, and creates highly detailed models suitable for interactive visualization. It is also equally applicable to other types of large complex architectures.

/pdf/detailed-3d-modelling-of-castles-4ichwi5ezp.pdf

Detailed 3D Modelling of Castles

This paper presents an overview of a number of diagnostic campaigns carried out to assess the conservation state of paintings. The specific characteristics required in cultural heritage applications have been investigated and are reported, where two main fields are considered: radiometric analyses using multispectral images and 3D surveying for geometric deformation analysis by means of photogrammetry and laser scanning. The activities described were accomplished in interdisciplinary teams, composed of photogrammetrists, art-historians, restorers and experts of non-destructive diagnostic techniques.

Resume

Cet article presente une revue de nombreuses campagnes diagnostiques realisees en vue d’evaluer l’etat de conservation de peintures. Les caracteristiques a prendre en compte pour les etudes patrimoniales sont recensees, et deux grands domaines sont consideres: les analyses radiometriques utilisant l’imagerie multibande et les releves 3D par photogrammetrie et balayage laser pour l’etude des deformations geometriques. Les activites decrites ont ete menees par des equipes interdisciplinaires composees de photogrammetres, d’historiens de l’art, de restaurateurs et d’experts en techniques diagnostiques non desctructives.

Zusammenfassung

Dieser Beitrag bietet einen Uberblick uber eine Anzahl von diagnostischen Kampagnen, um den Konservierungsstatus von Gemalden zu bewerten. Es wurden die spezifischen Anforderungen fur Anwendungen fur ein Kulturerbe untersucht und dokumentiert. Dabei spielen zwei Analysen eine Hauptrolle: die radiometrische Analyse mit Hilfe von Multispektralaufnahmen und eine 3D Vermessung zur Deformationsanalyse durch Photogrammetrie und Laserscanning. Die beschriebenen Arbeiten wurden durch ein interdisziplinares Team durchgefuhrt, das sich aus Photogrammetern, Kunsthistorikern, Restauratoren, und Experten fur zerstorungsfreie Diagnosetechniken zusammensetzte.

Resumen

En el articulo se reportan algunas de campanas de diagnostico para evaluar el estado de conservacion de pinturas. Se analizan las caracteristicas especificas que las aplicaciones de patrimonio cultural requieren, considerandose dos campos principales: analisis radiometrico usando imagenes multiespectrales y analisis de deformaciones geometricas mediante la fotogrametria y el escaneado laser. El analisis lo ha llevado a termino un equipo interdisciplinar, formado por fotogrametristas, historiadores del arte, restauradores y expertos especializados en tecnicas de diagnostico no destructivas.

Alessandro Rizzi

Papers

A Multi-Resolution Methodology for the 3D Modeling of Large and Complex Archeological Areas:

Reality-based 3D documentation of natural and cultural heritage sites—techniques, problems, and examples

3D Virtual reconstruction and visualization of complex architectures: The 3D-ARCH project

Detailed 3D Modelling of Castles

Review of geometric and radiometric analyses of paintings