https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(07)61690-0.pdf

Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences

Overwhelming evidence now indicates that the quality of reporting of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) is less than optimal. Recent methodologic analyses indicate that inadequate reporting and design are associated with biased estimates of treatment effects. Such systematic error is seriously damaging to RCTs, which boast the elimination of systematic error as their primary hallmark. Systematic error in RCTs reflects poor science, and poor science threatens proper ethical standards. A group of scientists and editors developed the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement to improve the quality of reporting of RCTs. The statement consists of a checklist and flow diagram that authors can use for reporting an RCT. Many leading medical journals and major international editorial groups have adopted the CONSORT statement. The CONSORT statement facilitates critical appraisal and interpretation of RCTs by providing guidance to authors about how to improve the reporting of their trials. This explanatory and elaboration document is intended to enhance the use, understanding, and dissemination of the CONSORT statement. The meaning and rationale for each checklist item are presented. For most items, at least one published example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies are provided. Several examples of flow diagrams are included. The CONSORT statement, this explanatory and elaboration document, and the associated Web site (http://www.consort -statement.org) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of randomized trials.

/pdf/the-revised-consort-statement-for-reporting-randomized-5bhphpspur.pdf

The Revised CONSORT Statement for Reporting Randomized Trials: Explanation and Elaboration

The European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020 is the update of similar evidence based position papers published in 2005 and 2007 and 2012. The core objective of the EPOS2020 guideline is to provide revised, up-to-date and clear evidence-based recommendations and integrated care pathways in ARS and CRS. EPOS2020 provides an update on the literature published and studies undertaken in the eight years since the EPOS2012 position paper was published and addresses areas not extensively covered in EPOS2012 such as paediatric CRS and sinus surgery. EPOS2020 also involves new stakeholders, including pharmacists and patients, and addresses new target users who have become more involved in the management and treatment of rhinosinusitis since the publication of the last EPOS document, including pharmacists, nurses, specialised care givers and indeed patients themselves, who employ increasing self-management of their condition using over the counter treatments. The document provides suggestions for future research in this area and offers updated guidance for definitions and outcome measurements in research in different settings. EPOS2020 contains chapters on definitions and classification where we have defined a large number of terms and indicated preferred terms. A new classification of CRS into primary and secondary CRS and further division into localized and diffuse disease, based on anatomic distribution is proposed. There are extensive chapters on epidemiology and predisposing factors, inflammatory mechanisms, (differential) diagnosis of facial pain, allergic rhinitis, genetics, cystic fibrosis, aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease, immunodeficiencies, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis and the relationship between upper and lower airways. The chapters on paediatric acute and chronic rhinosinusitis are totally rewritten. All available evidence for the management of acute rhinosinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps in adults and children is systematically reviewed and integrated care pathways based on the evidence are proposed. Despite considerable increases in the amount of quality publications in recent years, a large number of practical clinical questions remain. It was agreed that the best way to address these was to conduct a Delphi exercise . The results have been integrated into the respective sections. Last but not least, advice for patients and pharmacists and a new list of research needs are included. The full document can be downloaded for free on the website of this journal: http://www.rhinologyjournal.com.

/pdf/european-position-paper-on-rhinosinusitis-and-nasal-polyps-mj734vsl7p.pdf

European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020

Majors topics addressed in this review on zinc physiology are ; 1) chemistry and biochemistry; 2) interface of biochemistry and physiology of zinc; 3) physiology and cell and molecular biology; 4) pathology

The biochemical basis of zinc physiology

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(03)13779-8.pdf

Where and why are 10 million children dying every year

Impaired interleukin-2 production in the elderly: Association with mild zinc deficiency

Trace elements in human health and disease. Vol. 1. Zinc and copper.

Dietary zinc intake was restricted (2.7-5.0 mg daily) for 24 to 40 weeks in five male volunteers. Their ages ranged from 51 to 65 years with a mean age of 57 years. Oligospermia was induced in all. In four subjects, oligospermia occurred 2 to 14 months after zinc restriction was instituted. In one subject, the onset of oligospermia was not accurately determined. The duration of oligospermia in the four subjects ranged from 6 to 14 months. Oligospermia was reversed after 2 to 32 months of zinc supplementation in physiologic amounts. The baseline sperm count (mean +/- SE) 289 +/- 85 millions/ml dropped to 33 +/- 4.5 millions/ml (P less than 0.05) following zinc restriction, and increased to 151 +/- 33 millions/ml after zinc supplementation (P less than 0.025). Oligospermia coincided with decline in Leydig cell function and was reversed in three subjects after zinc supplementation in low doses. Our study has demonstrated that dietary restriction of zinc can decrease sperm count, and that oligospermia induced by mild zinc deficiency is a reversible process. Oligospermia seems to be a sensitive indicator of zinc deficiency.

Experimental Zinc Deficiency in Man: Effect on Spermatogenesis

An increase in plasma ammonia level in human volunteers on restricted zinc intake, and in zinc-deficient rats, has recently been reported. Inasmuch as zinc deficiency has been observed in sickle cell anemia patients, we measured plasma ammonia levels in such subjects. In this report we document hyperammonemia in sickle cell anemia patients that was corrected with zinc therapy.

Ananda S. Prasad

Papers

Impaired interleukin-2 production in the elderly: Association with mild zinc deficiency

Trace elements in human health and disease. Vol. 1. Zinc and copper.

Experimental Zinc Deficiency in Man: Effect on Spermatogenesis

Effect of zinc on hyperammonemia in sickle cell anemia subjects.

Zinc up‐regulates NF‐κB activation via phosphorylation of IκB in HUT‐78 (Th0) cells