Andrea Tapparo

TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the global literature explores these risks and show a growing body of evidence that persistent, low concentrations of these insecticides pose serious risks of undesirable environmental impacts.

TL;DR: There is strong evidence that soils, waterways, and plants in agricultural environments and neighboring areas are contaminated with variable levels of neonicotinoids or fipronil mixtures and their metabolites, and this provides multiple routes for chronic exposure of nontarget animals.

TL;DR: The use of neonicotinoides and fipronil has been extensively studied in the literature as discussed by the authors, with a total of 20,000 tonnes of active in 2010.

TL;DR: It is shown that leaf guttation drops of all the corn plants germinated from neonicotinoid-coated seeds contained amounts of insecticide constantly higher than 10mg/1, with maxima up to 100 mg/1 for thiamethoxam and clothianidin, and up to 200 mg/ 1 for imidacloprid.

TL;DR: The present scale of use of fipronil and neonicotinoid has resulted in widespread contamination of agricultural soils, freshwater resources, wetlands, non-target vegetation and estuarine and coastal marine systems, which means that many organisms inhabiting these habitats are being repeatedly and chronically exposed to these compounds.