Environmental fate and exposure; neonicotinoids and fipronil
Jean-Marc Bonmatin,Chiara Giorio,Vincenzo Girolami,Dave Goulson,David P. Kreutzweiser,Christian H. Krupke,Matthias Liess,Elizabeth Y. Long,Matteo Marzaro,Edward A. D. Mitchell,D. A. Noome,Noa Simon-Delso,Andrea Tapparo +12 more
TLDR
There is strong evidence that soils, waterways, and plants in agricultural environments and neighboring areas are contaminated with variable levels of neonicotinoids or fipronil mixtures and their metabolites, and this provides multiple routes for chronic exposure of nontarget animals.Abstract:
Systemic insecticides are applied to plants using a wide variety of methods, ranging from foliar sprays to seed treatments and soil drenches. Neonicotinoids and fipronil are among the most widely used pesticides in the world. Their popularity is largely due to their high toxicity to invertebrates, the ease and flexibility with which they can be applied, their long persistence, and their systemic nature, which ensures that they spread to all parts of the target crop. However, these properties also increase the probability of environmental contamination and exposure of nontarget organisms. Environmental contamination occurs via a number of routes including dust generated during drilling of dressed seeds, contamination and accumulation in arable soils and soil water, runoff into waterways, and uptake of pesticides by nontarget plants via their roots or dust deposition on leaves. Persistence in soils, waterways, and nontarget plants is variable but can be prolonged; for example, the half-lives of neonicotinoids in soils can exceed 1,000 days, so they can accumulate when used repeatedly. Similarly, they can persist in woody plants for periods exceeding 1 year. Breakdown results in toxic metabolites, though concentrations of these in the environment are rarely measured. Overall, there is strong evidence that soils, waterways, and plants in agricultural environments and neighboring areas are contaminated with variable levels of neonicotinoids or fipronil mixtures and their metabolites (soil, parts per billion (ppb)-parts per million (ppm) range; water, parts per trillion (ppt)-ppb range; and plants, ppb-ppm range). This provides multiple routes for chronic (and acute in some cases) exposure of nontarget animals. For example, pollinators are exposed through direct contact with dust during drilling; consumption of pollen, nectar, or guttation drops from seed-treated crops, water, and consumption of contaminated pollen and nectar from wild flowers and trees growing near-treated crops. Studies of food stores in honeybee colonies from across the globe demonstrate that colonies are routinely and chronically exposed to neonicotinoids, fipronil, and their metabolites (generally in the 1–100 ppb range), mixed with other pesticides some of which are known to act synergistically with neonicotinoids. Other nontarget organisms, particularly those inhabiting soils, aquatic habitats, or herbivorous insects feeding on noncrop plants in farmland, will also inevitably receive exposure, although data are generally lacking for these groups. We summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the environmental fate of these compounds by outlining what is known about the chemical properties of these compounds, and placing these properties in the context of modern agricultural practices.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites
Noa Simon-Delso,Noa Simon-Delso,V. Amaral-Rogers,Luc P. Belzunces,Jean-Marc Bonmatin,Madeleine Chagnon,Craig A. Downs,Lorenzo Furlan,David W. Gibbons,Chiara Giorio,Vincenzo Girolami,Dave Goulson,David P. Kreutzweiser,Christian H. Krupke,Matthias Liess,Elizabeth Y. Long,Melanie McField,Pierre Mineau,Edward A. D. Mitchell,Christy A. Morrissey,D. A. Noome,L. Pisa,Josef Settele,John D. Stark,Andrea Tapparo,H Van Dyck,J. van Praagh,J.P. van der Sluijs,J.P. van der Sluijs,Penelope R. Whitehorn,Martin Wiemers +30 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the global literature explores these risks and show a growing body of evidence that persistent, low concentrations of these insecticides pose serious risks of undesirable environmental impacts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates
L. Pisa,V. Amaral-Rogers,Luc P. Belzunces,Jean-Marc Bonmatin,Craig A. Downs,Dave Goulson,David P. Kreutzweiser,Christian H. Krupke,Matthias Liess,Melanie McField,Christy A. Morrissey,D. A. Noome,Josef Settele,Noa Simon-Delso,Noa Simon-Delso,John D. Stark,J.P. van der Sluijs,J.P. van der Sluijs,H Van Dyck,Martin Wiemers +19 more
TL;DR: Enough knowledge exists to conclude that existing levels of pollution with neonicotinoids and fipronil resulting from presently authorized uses frequently exceed the lowest observed adverse effect concentrations and are thus likely to have large-scale and wide ranging negative biological and ecological impacts on a wide range of non-target invertebrates in terrestrial, aquatic, marine and benthic habitats.
Journal ArticleDOI
Insect decline in the Anthropocene: Death by a thousand cuts
TL;DR: Wagner et al. as discussed by the authors found that more than half of all amphibians are imperiled and more than 80% of all vertebrate species are in danger of extinction over the next few decades.
Journal ArticleDOI
The environmental risks of neonicotinoid pesticides: a review of the evidence post 2013
Thomas J. Wood,Dave Goulson +1 more
TL;DR: A growing body of evidence demonstrates that persistent, low levels of neonicotinoids can have negative impacts on a wide range of free-living organisms.
Journal ArticleDOI
Large-Scale Deployment of Seed Treatments Has Driven Rapid Increase in Use of Neonicotinoid Insecticides and Preemptive Pest Management in U.S. Field Crops
TL;DR: It is suggested that carefully targeted efforts could considerably reduce neonicotinoid use in field crops without yield declines or economic harm to farmers, reducing the potential for pest resistance, nontarget pest outbreaks, environmental contamination, and harm to wildlife, including pollinator species.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY: Mechanisms of Selective Action
Motohiro Tomizawa,John E. Casida +1 more
TL;DR: The neonicotinoids have outstanding potency and systemic action for crop protection against piercing-sucking pests, and they are highly effective for flea control on cats and dogs.
Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: Major knowledge gaps remain, but current use of neonicotinoids is likely to be impacting on a broad range of non-target taxa including pollinators and soil and aquatic invertebrates and hence threatens a range of ecosystem services.
Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: A broad survey of pesticide residues was conducted on samples from migratory and other beekeepers across 23 states, one Canadian province and several agricultural cropping systems during the 2007–08 growing seasons, finding 121 different pesticides and metabolites within 887 wax, pollen, bee and associated hive samples.
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Systemic insecticides (neonicotinoids and fipronil): trends, uses, mode of action and metabolites
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