The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Hundreds of different types of coatings are used to protect a variety of structural engineering materials from corrosion, wear, and erosion, and to provide lubrication and thermal insulation. Of all these, thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have the most complex structure and must operate in the most demanding high-temperature environment of aircraft and industrial gas-turbine engines. TBCs, which comprise metal and ceramic multilayers, insulate turbine and combustor engine components from the hot gas stream, and improve the durability and energy efficiency of these engines. Improvements in TBCs will require a better understanding of the complex changes in their structure and properties that occur under operating conditions that lead to their failure. The structure, properties, and failure mechanisms of TBCs are herein reviewed, together with a discussion of current limitations and future opportunities.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/296/5566/280.full.pdf

Thermal Barrier Coatings for Gas-Turbine Engine Applications

1. Introduction 2. The physical metallurgy of nickel and its alloys 3. Single crystal superalloys for blade applications 4. Superalloys for turbine disc applications 5. Environmental degradation: the role of coatings 6. Summary and future trends.

The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications

Rod Borup is a Team Leader in the fuel cell program at Los Alamos National Lab in Los Alamos, New Mexico. He received his B.S.E. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Iowa in 1988 and his Ph.D. from the University of Washington in 1993. He has worked on fuel cell technology since 1994, working in the areas of hydrogen production and PEM fuel cell stack components. He has been awarded 12 U.S. patents, authored over 40 papers related to fuel cell technology, and presented over 50 oral papers at national meetings. His current main research area is related to water transport in PEM fuel cells and PEM fuel cell durability. Recently, he was awarded the 2005 DOE Hydrogen Program R&D Award for the most significant R&D contribution of the year for his team's work in fuel cell durability and was the Principal Investigator for the 2004 Fuel Cell Seminar (San Antonio, TX, USA) Best Poster Award. Jeremy Meyers is an Assistant Professor of materials science and engineering and mechanical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, where his research focuses on the development of electrochemical energy systems and materials. Prior to joining the faculty at Texas, Jeremy workedmore » as manager of the advanced transportation technology group at UTC Power, where he was responsible for developing new system designs and components for automotive PEM fuel cell power plants. While at UTC Power, Jeremy led several customer development projects and a DOE-sponsored investigation into novel catalysts and membranes for PEM fuel cells. Jeremy has coauthored several papers on key mechanisms of fuel cell degradation and is a co-inventor of several patents. In 2006, Jeremy and several colleagues received the George Mead Medal, UTC's highest award for engineering achievement, and he served as the co-chair of the Gordon Research Conference on fuel cells. Jeremy received his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of California at Berkeley and holds a Bachelor's Degree in Chemical Engineering from Stanford University. Bryan Pivovar received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin in 1994. He completed his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering at the University of Minnesota in 2000 under the direction of Profs. Ed Cussler and Bill Smyrl, studying transport properties in fuel cell electrolytes. He continued working in the area of polymer electrolyte fuel cells at Los Alamos National Laboratory as a post-doc (2000-2001), as a technical staff member (2001-2005), and in his current position as a team leader (2005-present). In this time, Bryan's research has expanded to include further aspects of fuel cell operation, including electrodes, subfreezing effects, alternative polymers, hydroxide conductors, fuel cell interfaces, impurities, water transport, and high-temperature membranes. Bryan has served at various levels in national and international conferences and workshops, including organizing a DOE sponsored workshop on freezing effects in fuel cells and an ARO sponsored workshop on alkaline membrane fuel cells, and he was co-chair of the 2007 Gordon Research Conference on Fuel Cells. Minoru Inaba is a Professor at the Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Doshisha University, Japan. He received his B.Sc. from the Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto University, in 1984 and his M.Sc. in 1986 and his Dr. Eng. in 1995 from the Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University. He has worked on electrochemical energy conversion systems including fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries at Kyoto University (1992-2002) and at Doshisha University (2002-present). His primary research interest is the durability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), in particular, membrane degradation, and he has been involved in NEDO R&D research projects on PEFC durability since 2001. He has authored over 140 technical papers and 30 review articles. Kenichiro Ota is a Professor of the Chemical Energy Laboratory at the Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Japan. He received his B.S.E. in Applied Chemistry from the University of Tokyo in 1968 and his Ph.D. from the University of Tokyo in 1973. He has worked on hydrogen energy and fuel cells since 1974, working on materials science for fuel cells and water electrolysis. He has published more than 150 original papers, 70 review papers, and 50 scientific books. He is now the president of the Hydrogen Energy Systems Society of Japan, the chairman of the Fuel Cell Research Group of the Electrochemical Society of Japan, and the chairman of the National Committee for the Standardization of the Stationary Fuel Cells. ABSTRACT TRUNCATED« less

Scientific aspects of polymer electrolyte fuel cell durability and degradation.

In this comprehensive review, recent progress and developments on perfluorinated sulfonic-acid (PFSA) membranes have been summarized on many key topics. Although quite well investigated for decades, PFSA ionomers’ complex behavior, along with their key role in many emerging technologies, have presented significant scientific challenges but also helped create a unique cross-disciplinary research field to overcome such challenges. Research and progress on PFSAs, especially when considered with their applications, are at the forefront of bridging electrochemistry and polymer (physics), which have also opened up development of state-of-the-art in situ characterization techniques as well as multiphysics computation models. Topics reviewed stem from correlating the various physical (e.g., mechanical) and transport properties with morphology and structure across time and length scales. In addition, topics of recent interest such as structure/transport correlations and modeling, composite PFSA membranes, degradat...

New Insights into Perfluorinated Sulfonic-Acid Ionomers

A computational scheme for estimating the effective elastic properties of a particle reinforced matrix is investigated. The randomly distributed same-sized spherical particles are assumed to result in a composite material that is macroscopically isotropic. The scheme results in a computational efficient method to establish the correct bulk and shear moduli by representing the three-dimensional (3D) structure in a two-dimensional configuration. To this end, the statistically equivalent area fraction is defined in this work, which depends on two parameters: the particle volume fraction and the number of particles in the 3D volume element. We suggest that using the statistically equivalent area fraction, introduced and defined in this work, is an efficient way to obtain the effective elastic properties of an isotropic media containing randomly dispersed same-size spherical particles.

/pdf/on-the-effective-elastic-properties-of-macroscopically-3wrat4vqwf.pdf

On the Effective Elastic Properties of Macroscopically Isotropic Media Containing Randomly Dispersed Spherical Particles

Sensitivity to experimental errors determines the reliability and usefulness of any experimental investigation. Thus, it is important to understand how various test techniques are affected by expected experimental errors. Here, a semi-analytical method based on the concept of condition number is explored for systematic investigation of the sensitivity of spherical indentation to experimental errors. The method is employed to investigate the reliability of various possible spherical indentation protocols, providing a ranking of the selected data reduction protocols from least to most sensitive to experimental errors. Explicit Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis is employed to provide further insight of selected protocol, supporting the ranking. The results suggest that the proposed method for estimating the sensitivity to experimental errors is a useful tool. Moreover, in the case of spherical indentation, the experimental errors must be very small to give reliable material properties.

Aspects of Experimental Errors and Data Reduction Schemes From Spherical Indentation of Isotropic Materials

Woven into a fabric made up of office supplies, tape, and abrasives are several 3M Company products and technologies involving electronic materials and applications. a career spent in 3M’s Corporate research labs has involved project experiences nearly as diverse and wide ranging as 3M itself. Selected topics and experiences are explored by building on some early projects and tracing them forward to current products, research, and critical technology areas. energy storage is discussed, with reference to high-permittivity dielectrics, supercapacitors, and lithium-ion battery components. a variety of electrical components are overviewed, including transparent conductors, high-voltage transmission products, and eMi / eMC materials. Finally, materials for optical products and displays are described, including quantum dot light emitters, ultra-high-barrier film, and light-management materials. Greg Rohrer, W.W. Mullins Professor of Materials Science, Carnegie Mellon university, uSa Title: High-throughput, data-rich experiments and their impact on ceramic science abstract: The automated control of materials characterization instruments and the digital storage of data have created new opportunities for ceramic science. automated control makes it possible to record volumes of data that were not possible in the past, and digital storage makes it possible to compare data in new and difficult to predict ways. This will be illustrated with two examples. First, i will describe combinatorial substrate epitaxy experiments to determine the orientation relationships between phases that result from thin-film growth. Second, i will discuss three-dimensional orientation mapping experiments that provide a rich source of data on microstructures and grain boundaries. Then, i will speculate on opportunities to advance ceramic science through the storage and curation of digital data. The automated control of materials characterization instruments and the digital storage of data have created new opportunities for ceramic science. automated control makes it possible to record volumes of data that were not possible in the past, and digital storage makes it possible to compare data in new and difficult to predict ways. This will be illustrated with two examples. First, i will describe combinatorial substrate epitaxy experiments to determine the orientation relationships between phases that result from thin-film growth. Second, i will discuss three-dimensional orientation mapping experiments that provide a rich source of data on microstructures and grain boundaries. Then, i will speculate on opportunities to advance ceramic science through the storage and curation of digital data. Hiroshi Funakubo, professor, Tokyo institute of Technology, Japan Title: Domain motion under applied electric field in Pb(Zr,Ti)o3 films and their contribution to the piezoelectric properties abstract: Piezoelectric films have been widely investigated for various applications. because of the close correlation between the piezoelectric property and the crystal structure, crystal structure analyses have been conducted mainly for the as-deposited films. Therefore, various methods have been applied to investigate the crystal structure change under an applied electric field. i introduce the quantitative analysis of the crystal structure change under an applied electric field using in situ raman spectroscopy and XrD under an applied electric field. i also evaluate how fast the crystal structure changes under an applied electric field using time-resolved XrD measurement using Spring-8 synchrotron setup. The results clearly indicate the impact of the evaluation, of crystal structure of as-deposited films, and crystal structure change under an applied electric field to understand the piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr, Ti)o3 films. tutorial on thin-FilM stability Piezoelectric films have been widely investigated for various applications. because of the close correlation between the piezoelectric property and the crystal structure, crystal structure analyses have been conducted mainly for the as-deposited films. Therefore, various methods have been applied to investigate the crystal structure change under an applied electric field. i introduce the quantitative analysis of the crystal structure change under an applied electric field using in situ raman spectroscopy and XrD under an applied electric field. i also evaluate how fast the crystal structure changes under an applied electric field using time-resolved XrD measurement using Spring-8 synchrotron setup. The results clearly indicate the impact of the evaluation, of crystal structure of as-deposited films, and crystal structure change under an applied electric field to understand the piezoelectric properties of Pb(Zr, Ti)o3 films. tutorial on thin-FilM stability This tutorial introduces topics that will be discussed during the symposium, Thin films—Stability, stress relaxation, and properties. researchers and students without extensive background in thin films are encouraged to attend. The tutorial discusses basic concepts, terminology, and results to orient those attending the symposium. Topics will include: • Thin-film growth, microstructure, and stress – epitaxial and textured films • Thin-film stress relaxation – Dislocation mechanisms in thin films – Diffusion in thin films • Thin-film properties – Size-dependent plasticity

Inside the engine environment - Synchrotrons reveal secrets of high-temperature ceramic coatings

Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBC) have been instrumental in advancing the performance
and e�ciency of turbine engines over the last decades. The use of high temperature ce-
ramics has allowed increased temperatures by way of protecting the load bearing blade substrate and extending its lifetime. Today there continues to exist the need to under-
stand the behavior of the TBC to extend the life and performance of both the TBC and
the underlying substrate blades. In this study, the TBC was examined by the use of optical
spectroscopy and synchrotron X-Ray di�raction to understand the strain and stress expe-
rienced by each of the layers in the coating. Raman and Photoluminescence spectroscopy
were employed to examine the thermally grown oxide layer (TGO) and the ceramic top
coat and to identify the in
uence of variations in temperature distribution. X-Ray di�rac-
tion measurements were conducted at the Advanced Photon Source, at Argonne National
Laboratory allowing the in-situ investigation of variation in loading conditions including a
representative 
ight cycle. A pre-aged specimen was used for di�raction measurements for
a more mature oxide layer. Optical spectroscopy measurements provided high resolution
stress maps of the oxide scale. The results from this study provide a more complete un-
derstanding as to the behavior of the TBC and its development through the lifetime, and
can serve to validate and further the development numerical models.

Comparison of Thermal Barrier Coating Stresses via High Energy X-Rays and Piezospectroscopy

/pdf/conical-indentation-of-a-viscoelastic-sphere-4t84tkwoqm.pdf

Anette M. Karlsson

Papers

On the Effective Elastic Properties of Macroscopically Isotropic Media Containing Randomly Dispersed Spherical Particles

Aspects of Experimental Errors and Data Reduction Schemes From Spherical Indentation of Isotropic Materials

Inside the engine environment - Synchrotrons reveal secrets of high-temperature ceramic coatings

Comparison of Thermal Barrier Coating Stresses via High Energy X-Rays and Piezospectroscopy

Conical Indentation of a Viscoelastic Sphere