Showing papers by "Anirbid Sircar published in 2019"

Effect of Corrosion on Crude Oil and Natural Gas Pipeline with Emphasis on Prevention by Ecofriendly Corrosion Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract: This paper focuses on the problems faced by oil and gas industries due to corrosion during refining and its transportation and to overcome with this problem by use of appropriate inhibitor. Different sources of energy requires transmission from one area to another and this should be efficient, effective and for this we use pipelines which are made of different metallic equipments which generally faces problem of corrosion. The mechanism of corrosion, its different types encountered in oil and gas industries are mentioned. Impact of corrosion on economics such as capital cost, design cost, control cost and associated cost are illustrated. Different types of physiochemical parameters that are responsible for initiation and acceleration of corrosion are discussed. Various techniques used for determination of corrosion rate and concept of corrosion allowance is discussed. This paper describes corrosion inhibitors, types of inhibitors and their selection criteria. This paper gives brief review of various types of eco-friendly inhibitors such as different types of amino acids, various classes of drugs, rare earth materials such as lanthanides. Their advantages and limitations are also discussed.

Statistical optimization and kinetic study on biodiesel production from a potential non-edible bio-oil of wild radish

Abstract: The bio-oil extracted from wild radish seeds is non-edible and it still remains an unexplored area in terms of its use as a feedstock for biodiesel. It was extracted from the seeds using mechanical...

Comprehensive geochemical/hydrochemical and geo-thermometry analysis of Unai geothermal field, Gujarat, India

Abstract: The knowledge of water temperature produced from a geothermal reservoir and its composition is of utmost importance in designing utilization strategies, the surface production facilities and in selecting the material to be used. Unai hot springs are located in the southern part of Gujarat, India with discharge temperatures varying from 51 to 56 °C. With the aim of developing Unai as a potential geothermal field and exploiting it in the future, geochemical and geothermometrical study was undertaken. The samples were collected from various Unai geothermal location and analysis of chemical composition of water obtained from different wells was done. The concentration of Silica, carbonate and ions like Na and Cl have been analyzed to delineate the path of water movement in the subsurface and classify the reservoir based on the enthalpy. The ratio of the concentration of ions like Na+ and K+ and the relative proportions of various sets of ions were also used to characterize the geothermal reservoir and the reservoir fluid by the use of ternary diagrams. Na–K–Ca, Chalcedony, quartz, and Silica geo-thermometers have been studied. The present study also envisages the importance of graphical representations like Piper diagram, Scholler etc. to determine variation in hydrochemical facies and to understand the evolution of hydrochemical processes in the Unai geothermal field respectively. The study yields the conclusion that the reservoir under consideration is a low enthalpy reservoir with temperature ranging from 60 to 80 °C.

Optimization and kinetic studies on biodiesel production from microalgae (Euglena sanguinea) using calcium methoxide as catalyst

Abstract: The present work investigates the production of biodiesel from Euglena sanguinea microalgal bio-oil using calcium methoxide as a heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst was synthesized and cha...

Techno-economical and Experimental Analysis of Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil

Abstract: Fossil fuel shortage is a major challenge worldwide. Therefore, research is currently underway to investigate potential renewable energy sources. Among the most of alternate energy sources for fossil fuel, biodiesel is more attractive and feasible energy source. The production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil offers a triple-facet solution: economic, environmental, and waste management. In this work, a techno-economic analysis of a process that produces biodiesel from used cooking oil obtained from Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University (PDPU) canteen. The main aim is to recycle and reuse as an alternative for diesel fuel in the campus. Here, biodiesel is produced from used cooking oil through classical alkali-catalyzed transesterification. The important process parameters are alcohol-to-oil ratio, reaction time, temperature, and catalyst concentration were determined in biofuel research lab of PDPU. Results of these experiments suggest that 9:1 methanol-to-oil ratio, 50 min reaction time, 60 °C temperature, and 1.0 wt.% catalyst concentration were the optimum parameters for biodiesel production. A maximum conversion of used cooking oil to biodiesel above 93% was achieved in laboratory condition. Estimations of the unit production cost and fixed capital investment for this capacity have been calculated in detail. The fixed cost is 273,000 INR for the designed plant will have a capacity of 1000 L per day. The overall production cost of biodiesel is 28.55 INR/L. The payback period is around 3.5 year. Based on the observation that the raw materials cost is less than 5% of the total production cost. The main conclusions are that a plant with this capacity is feasible to produce biodiesel which is helpful as an alternative to diesel fuel and solve the environmental problems related to disposal.

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the extraction of bio oil from Chlorella vulgaris and the subsequent biodiesel production

Abstract: This research article investigates the extraction of bio-oil from Chlorella vulgaris algae which is then subjected to biodiesel production. To evaluate the maximum oil content, four different pretr...

Model design of condenser for solar assisted geothermal cooling system using software simulation

Abstract: Condensers are extensively used in refrigeration, air-conditioning and power generation systems. Condenser for the solar assisted geothermal cooling system is designed by using software simulation of condenser’s geometrical and flow parameters. The geothermal cooling system is designed to reduce electricity consumption of compressor during peak hours during the summer period in hot weather condition. The subsurface temperature of the earth around 5–6-m depth is fairly constant throughout the year which fulfills the requirement of cooling inside the building or residence by using water as a heat exchanging medium. Water is circulated in closed loop system buried into subsurface which sinks the heat of refrigerant from condenser inside the subsurface soil. The condenser is designed by comparing results obtained from (1) manual calculation (2) simulation by CHEMCAD software. In order to have a good and optimized design, manual and software-based calculations should be carried out simultaneously and verified with each other. It is found that results obtained from both calculations are approximately same with a minor difference. The geometry and flow parameter of the condenser is determined on the basis of surrounding temperature. The solar panel is used for power generation to reduce electricity consumption by the compressor, pump, and evaporator fan coil. This provides the hybrid solar assisted geothermal cooling system.

Investigation of nano catalyst to enhance fuel quality in waste tyre pyrolysis

Abstract: Disposal of waste tyres is a major concern today. Among the various recycling techniques available, pyrolysis is one of the eco-friendly processes that transforms waste tyres into oil and gas with ...

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesized ceramic materials for oil and gas wells: application and the challenges

Abstract: With various developments taking place in oil and gas exploration, challenging areas in hostile subsurface conditions are encountered often. The common problems faced in wells are associated with sand control, lost circulation, casing damage, and sealing of the wells at the time of abandonment. Solutions to these problems have already been established and are being used currently but high reservoir pressure and temperature conditions limit the selection of material to be used in such extreme conditions. So, to mitigate these problems, specially synthesized ceramic materials are used instead of conventional sand screens, cement plug, scab liners, and sealing plug. Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) is the process of forming composite materials at downhole. High temperature source is not required for synthesiszing these ceramic materials as the reactions are highly exothermic providing enough heat that can overcome the activation energy of the reactants thereby sustaining the reaction. Use of these in situ synthesized ceramic materials will serve the same purpose as conventional materials but with improved resistance to high temperatures and eroding and corroding agents. This alternate approach that increases the life span of materials saves non-productive rig time and considerable cost. A wide range of reactants and additives are used providing flexibility in synthesizing the ceramic composite of desired properties.

Mineralogical assemblage of Cambay Shale of North Cambay Basin, Gujarat, India

Abstract: Shale Gas exploration and production plays an essential role in ensuring energy security and economic stability. Tapping these reserves using cost-effective technologies can really change the India’s energy supply and value chain. Cambay Shale of Cambay Basin has been proved as the most prominent Indian Shale reserve and in this work an attempt has been made to understand the geographical and mineralogical distribution of this Shale. A sample study on Cambay Shale of North Tectonic Block of Cambay Basin has been ascertained to understand the mineralogy, porosity and maturity with respect to depth. The study involves the use of integrated measurement techniques mainly high-pressure porosity (HPP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform electron microscopy (FTIR). Approximately, 13 samples were analysed to understand the mineralogy of this shale and it was observed that it is very clayey in nature with major traces of Illite and minor traces of rutile and kaolinite. The other measurements (i.e., SEM and HPP) were done on two specific samples which confirm the presence of clay-rich porous minerals with high organic matter content.

Hydraulic fracturing design and 3D modeling: a case study from Cambay Shale and Eagleford Shale

Abstract: Economically producing oil and gas from low permeable unconventional shale gas reservoirs has been made possible by the implementation of hydraulic fracturing with horizontal drilling and microseismicity. This new technique can drastically transformed the energy future of India. Hydraulic fracturing improves well productivity and enhances the production from ultra-low permeable formations. An optimum fracture design can help in understanding the pressure distribution inside the fracture and the fracture geometry (length, width and height). The present study is an attempt to design a hydraulic fracture model for Cambay Shale in a 3D simulator to assess the application of this advance technology in clay-rich shale of India. It also follows in parallel, a fracture design and modeling of Eagleford Shale, USA. It was observed that Cambay Shale has less frac height and frac half-length as compared to Eagleford Shale due to clay richness of Cambay. A clay conditioner may be used before implementing the hydraulic fracturing job in shale sections of Cambay. This can help in attaining more fracture growth and propagation.

Integrated 2D joint inversion models of gravity, magnetic, and MT for geothermal potentials: a case study from Gujarat, India

Abstract: Joint Inversion of different geophysical potentials promises to reduce chances of uncertainties which are more probable in case of independent inversions. In this paper, cross-gradient Joint Inversion was applied for gravity, magnetic, and MT data to understand the subsurface geothermal potential in Dholera and Unai, Gujarat, India. This paper narrates the understanding of individual inversion for gravity, magnetic, and MT data followed by joint inversion to delineate more clear understanding of geological and geothermal bodies in the subsurface. To formulate data space, a generalized cross-gradient inversion for data set and model set parameters are discussed. On the basis of the algorithm proposed, an integrated subsurface model for Dholera and Unai was prepared which depicts geological as well as lithological characteristics of the area. For the structural coupling, a Lagrange data multiplier was applied in an iterative manner to reach a global minima. Fluid flow models of Dholera and Unai were prepared where “J” type drilling is suggested up to a depth of 800 m and 700 m, respectively.

Optimization of city gas network: a case study from Gujarat, India

Abstract: A natural gas flow network consists of city gate station, district regulator, pipelines, compressors and valves. The performance of such a complex system cannot be studied by analysing individual constituents. Simultaneous performance of integrated system can be expressed using non-linear equations to simulate and forecast operational behaviour. The operational behaviour is subject to various alternative operational conditions also. Nodal analysis is performed to calculate the flow capacity of each network segment and the pressure at each node. Two conditions are evaluated, namely, keeping flow capacity unknown or by making nodal pressure primary unknown. The resulting set of governing equations are then solved simultaneously. Genetic algorithm method is applied to solve the desired target unknown. Compressor governs the energy supply required to transport gas from one end to another. The compressor equation is also incorporated in city gas network simulation. The simulations are performed by straight gas ducts and complex gas ducts. Boundary conditions are dependent on the form in which gas duct is fed. It is assumed that the gas duct takes gas from City Gate Station at x = 0 and supplies the gas to a consumer located at x = L according to a time variable curve demand Qn (L, t). The capacity of the compressor is also changed and it is observed that the demand is usually periodic in nature. Flow demand at individual node of a gas pipeline network is calculated. Pressures at various nodes are also calculated and matched with original pressure at nodes. Percentage deviation error suggest a range between 0 and 1.02%. The aim of this paper is to optimise certain parameters of a gas transmission pipeline network namely flow rate, mass, cost and pressure. This optimization is performed to gas transmission pipeline network of Gandhinagar, district, where Gujarat State Petronet Limited (GSPL) and Sabarmati Gas Limited (SGL) are the major players. The network which has been chosen for pipeline network consists of 10 CNG stations and 10 DRS.

Sustainable drilling operations by utilizing waste biomass as a lost circulation additive

Abstract: Drilling is the most expensive exploration activity in which an experienced driller and a well-trained drilling crew follow sophisticated methods to maintain the integrity of a drilled well. In dri...

Sono-Chemical Biodiesel Production From Beef Processing Industrial Sludge in The Presence of Nano-KF-Al2O3

Abstract: KF-Al2O3 nano-catalyst is prepared by a co-precipitation method and used in transesterification process. The process is assisted by ultrasonic irradiation to produce biodiesel from beef processing industrial sludge. The synthesized catalyst is characterized by SEM, XRD and FTIR. A maximum yield of 97% fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) is obtained under optimum conditions at 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio with a catalytic loading of 6 wt% at 60 °C in 180 min. The reusability results showed that prepared nano-catalyst can be recycled up to seven times with minor loss in efficiency. This was mainly due to the enhancement of surface area of the catalyst and the activity of ultrasonic wave. The fuel quality of the biodiesel is analyzed as per ASTM standard and results are found to be in line with ASTM D6751.

Evolutionary Programming for Systematic Evaluation of Aquifers: A Case Study from Dholera, Cambay Basin, Gujarat, India

Abstract: Joint inversion of different potentials improves subsurface model resolution. In this paper seismic refraction and magnetotelluric data are used to understand near subsurface features of Dholera, Gujarat, India. An extensive seismic and magnetotelluric survey was carried out in Dholera in order to delineate subsurface presence of aquifers. Ray Inversion for Near Surface Estimation (RINSE) is used for inversion of Dholera seismic data. The inversion output of seismic data is used as seed points for resistivity inversion of anomalies. Inversion of resistivity data is done using evolutionary programing method which is also a type of genetic algorithm. Here the optimization is done using four major steps, of evolutionary programing namely population generation, fitness function, crossover and mutation. This paper also compares the similarities between the natural and geophysical optimization. A Low Velocity Layer is identified up to a depth of 11 m from seismic refraction method. Three layers are identified after the interpretation of seismic and resistivity data. The average thicknesses of Layers one and two are calculated as 3.558 and 6.533 respectively.