How to Do Things With Words

Discourse in the Novel

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Sequence Organization In Interaction A Primer In Conversation Analysis

a summary of the subject of the narrative); the orientation (time, place, situation, participants); the complicating action (what actually happened); the evaluation (the meaning and significance of the action); the resolution (what finally happened); and lastly the coda, which returns the perspective to the present. Labov and Waletzky (1997) argued that these structures are typically used by the teller to construct a story out of past experiences, and to make sense of those experiences both for himor herself and for the audience.Although not all narratives necessarily include all of these six elements, at a minimum a narrative must include the complicating action, i.e. a temporal component, while it is the evaluation that has been highlighted as crucial for establishing the point or the meaning of the story. A number of authors have argued that the evaluation is socially the most important component of the narrative (Linde, 1993; Polanyi, 1985). In a conversational setting, for example, the narrator must guard against the ‘so what?’ response to a story. This is accomplished by providing an adequate evaluation of the events that have been recounted (Polanyi, 1985). It is the evaluation that conveys to an audience how they are to understand the meaning of the events that constitute the narrative, and simultaneously indicates what type of response is required.The evaluation should not therefore be understood as simply provided by the narrator; rather the achievement of agreement on the evaluation of a narrative is the product of a process of negotiation. While the speaker can be understood as responsible for producing a narrative with an acceptable evaluation, the addressee or audience must collaborate by demonstrating that the evaluation has been understood. Labov and Waletzky (1997) have suggested that the evaluation is typically placed between the complicating action and the resolution, and in this position creates an element of tension and suspense in a well-formed narrative, as the audience wait to hear ‘what happened next’. However, subsequent writers have underlined that the structural analysis of narrative provided by Labov and Waletzky is in many respects too rigid. The evaluation may in some cases be explicit, and may be located prior to the resolution, but the expression of the evaluation within a narrative need not take this form. A narrator may communicate evaluative elements more implicitly.As Tannen (1980) has argued, not only do narratives make explicit evaluations of actions and characters but judgements can be communicated in more subtle ways as well. She suggested that lexical choice (i.e. the use of specific words) within the other components of the narrative is a clear example of this type of implicit evaluation. In addition, it could be argued that the very telling of a narrative represents an evaluative act. It suggests that certain events and decisions are reportable by virtue of their significance or their unusual or unexpected qualities. Obvious examples here would be stories about the death of a parent, or the birth of a child.Within modern culture, these events are understood to have an emotional significance for the individual that makes them worthy of recounting.Alternatively many conversational stories are centred upon a coincidence, which while relatively trivial is seen as sufficiently unexpected to make it interesting to relate. NARRATIVE AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 9 Elliot-01.qxd 4/8/2005 11:57 AM Page 9

Using Narrative in Social Research

Culture in Action

This article presents a revised version of GAT, a transcription system first developed
by a group of German conversation analysts and interactional linguists in
1998. GAT tries to follow as many principles and conventions of CA's Jeffersonstyle
transcription as possible, yet proposes some conventions which are more
compatible with linguistic and phonetic analyses of spoken language, especially
for the representation of prosody in talk-in-interaction. After ten years of use by
many reseachers in conversation and discourse analysis, it was time to revise the
first version, against the background of past experience and in light of new necessities
for the transcription of corpora arising from technological advances and
methodological developments over recent years. This text presents the new GAT
2 transcription system with all its conventions. It gives detailed instructions on
how to transcribe spoken talk on three levels of delicacy: minimal, basic and refined
transcript versions. In addition, it briefly introduces a few tools that may be
helpful for the user: the online tutorial GAT-TO and the transcription editing
software FOLKER.

http://www.gespraechsforschung-online.de/fileadmin/dateien/heft2009/px-gat2.pdf

Gesprächsanalytisches Transkriptionssystem 2 (GAT 2)

https://ids-pub.bsz-bw.de/files/1067/Deppermann_Multimodal_interaction_2013.pdf

Multimodal interaction from a conversation analytic perspective

Dieses Lehrbuch fuhrt in die theoretischen Grundlagen und praktischen Vorgehensweisen der Untersuchung von "narrativer Identitat" anhand von autobiografischen Erzahlinterviews ein In den vergangenen Jahren ist "narrative Identitat" zu einem Schlusselkonzept der Identitatsforschung geworden: In der erzahlerischenVergegenwartigung des eigenen Lebens gewinnt das Subjekt ein biografisch begrundetes Verhaltnis zu sich selbst Bislang fehlt es aber an einer gegenstandsangemessenen Methodik der Rekonstruktion narrativer Identitaten Diese Lucke will der Band schliesen Zunachst werden neuere Erkenntnisse zum Erzahlen und zur Konstitution von Identitat im Erzahlen dargestellt, vor allem unter Ruckgriff auf die in Deutschland noch kaum rezipierten Theorien der narrativen und diskursiven Psychologie und der Konversations- und Diskursanalyse Im Zentrum des Textes steht dann die didaktische Darstellung des Prozesses der Auswertung von narrativen Interviews mit vielenTranskriptbeispielen und die Diskussion einzelner Auswertungsstrategien und unterschiedlicher Ebenen der Rekonstruktion narrativer Identitat

Rekonstruktion narrativer Identität

Narrative identity has achieved a scientific status as an elaborate concept of the storied nature of human experience and personal identity. Yet, many questions remain as to its empirical substrate. By exploring the pragmatic aspect of narrative research interviewing, i.e., the performative and positioning aspects of the narrative situation and the narrative product, as well as its particular autoepistemological and communicative tasks, this article tries to bridge the gap between the theoretical concept of narrative identity and the act of constructing identity in research interviewing.Research data generated by autobiographical interviews are usually regarded and analyzed as monological narratives drawn from autobiographical memory. Narrative research interviewing, however, is always a dialogical, pragmatic activity: Narrator and researcher establish an interpersonal relationship made up of institutional, imaginative, socio-categorial and other communicative frames which are enacted by both partners during the interview. This pragmatic constitution of the interview as an interactive process calls for a communicative and constructivist approach to oral narratives which reveals different levels of the listener’s conceptions of himself or herself and the research situation in the narrator’s story. Along with the different voices and identity constructions, the narrator also constructs different recipients in his or her discursive positioning of the listener.By using the concept of positioning, we propose both a conceptual framework and the corresponding analytical tools for identifying textual indicators and contextual interpretative resources for a discursive approach to narrative identity constructions in research interviewing. This option allows insight into the strategies narrators employ to negotiate their identities in the situation itself, which may be fruitful for many research contexts that use the concept of narrative identity. (Narrative, Autobiography, Research Interviewing, Conversation Analysis)

Narrative Identity Empiricized: A Dialogical and Positioning Approach to Autobiographical Research Interviews

https://ids-pub.bsz-bw.de/files/1065/Deppermann_Mondada_Schmitt_Agenda_and_emergence_2010.pdf

Arnulf Deppermann

Papers

Gesprächsanalytisches Transkriptionssystem 2 (GAT 2)

Multimodal interaction from a conversation analytic perspective

Rekonstruktion narrativer Identität

Narrative Identity Empiricized: A Dialogical and Positioning Approach to Autobiographical Research Interviews

Agenda and emergence: Contingent and planned activities in a meeting