저작근 근전도에 관한 정상교합자와 ii급 부정교합자의 비교 연구

DURING this year I have so often been asked how this Code could be obtained that I hasten, with your permission, to announce that the Washington Biological Society has just published a reprint at the price of one dollar. Prof. C. W. Stiles, secretary to the Commission, says: “I would suggest that, if your colleagues wish copies, it would expedite matters to order a number at once”. The address of the Society is at the Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.

/pdf/international-code-of-zoological-nomenclature-2fg701d5it.pdf

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

Sentence patterns like "秀才秀才,错字布袋"are unique in the grammatical structure, semantic structure and pragmatic function. The typical feature of this pattern is that the same word or phrase reappears continually at the very beginning. It has two parts: (1) The proceeding part("秀才秀才") includes a word and its repeated form, which is different from the reduplication in grammar and the continual repetition in rhetoric. This part can have referential functions in particular situations;and (2) The main function of the last part ("错字布袋")is to interpret the proceeding one. It is the semantic focus of the whole sentence. This sentence pattern typically shows the features of proverbs like "秀才秀才,错字布袋"in language structure,semantic meaning and pragmatic function.

On the Structure of "秀才秀才,错字布袋

Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera.

The organoleptic qualities of watermelon fruit are defined by the sugar and organic acid contents, which undergo considerable variations during development and maturation. The molecular mechanisms underlying these variations remain unclear. In this study, we used transcriptome profiles to investigate the coexpression patterns of gene networks associated with sugar and organic acid metabolism. We identified 3 gene networks/modules containing 2443 genes highly correlated with sugars and organic acids. Within these modules, based on intramodular significance and Reverse Transcription Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), we identified 7 genes involved in the metabolism of sugars and organic acids. Among these genes, Cla97C01G000640, Cla97C05G087120 and Cla97C01G018840 (r2 = 0.83 with glucose content) were identified as sugar transporters (SWEET, EDR6 and STP) and Cla97C03G064990 (r2 = 0.92 with sucrose content) was identified as a sucrose synthase from information available for other crops. Similarly, Cla97C07G128420, Cla97C03G068240 and Cla97C01G008870, having strong correlations with malic (r2 = 0.75) and citric acid (r2 = 0.85), were annotated as malate and citrate transporters (ALMT7, CS, and ICDH). The expression profiles of these 7 genes in diverse watermelon genotypes revealed consistent patterns of expression variation in various types of watermelon. These findings add significantly to our existing knowledge of sugar and organic acid metabolism in watermelon.

/pdf/identification-of-key-gene-networks-controlling-organic-acid-1qq9mbvph4.pdf

Identification of key gene networks controlling organic acid and sugar metabolism during watermelon fruit development by integrating metabolic phenotypes and gene expression profiles.

A checklist of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) within the present geographical frontier of Indian subcontinent up to 2016 is provided. As per the current checklist prepared, there are 1536 species, classified under 440 genera, 72 tribes, and seven subfamilies of Cerambycidae (Parandrinae is not present in India). The report is accounted for 4.2 per cent of species, 7.94 per cent of genera and 28.24 per cent of tribes from India as compared to global record. For each species, accepted nomenclature followed by all relevant works reporting systematics, distribution and ecology of Indian longhorn beetles is provided along with synonyms, type locality and distribution within and outside India.

The checklist of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from India

An analysis of the species diversity and distribution of agriculturally important longhorn beetles (cerambycidae: coleoptera) from india

The eggplant shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is a monophagous and destructive insect pest of eggplant. L. orbonalis developed multiple insecticide resistance that led to frequent field control failures in many countries. The possible reversal of resistance in L. orbonalis requires an understanding of the expression dynamics of individual genes conferring resistance to insecticides through gene expression analysis. The availability of reference genes (RG) to normalize transcript data of target genes, achieved by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), is mandatory. Hence, the present study investigated the stable expression pattern of nine putative reference genes viz., actin, 28S ribosomal protein S18c, mitochondrial isoform X2 (28SM), calnexin, β-tubulin, 28S ribosomal protein S3 mitochondrial (28SR3), TATA box binding protein (TATA), elongation factor-1α (EF-1α), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and ubiquitin 60S ribosomal protein (Ubiquitin) to select the most stable genes that could be used as reference genes for target transcript gene normalization. Different algorithms such as ΔCt, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper were used to assess gene expression stability. By integrating these data into online RefFinder tool, 28SR3 and GAPDH, were chosen as highly suitable RGs based on their stable expression pattern.

Identification of suitable reference genes for normalization of RT-qPCR data in eggplant fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée)

Family Cerambycidae is one of the economically most important wood boring insect. It interferes and causes damages to forests, forest products, shade trees, fruit and nut trees, vegetable and field crops, seeds, orchids, and flowers. The long antennae, absence of a beak, and pseudo tetramerous tarsal segments serve to separate most adults of this very large family from other beetles. The grubs of most species develop for about one year or more in the tree trunk either as sap wood or heart wood feeder. Larvae of some species develop in highly decomposed wood, while others develop in herbaceous plants or roots. The infested trees may be killed and can have a major economic impact. Adults are relatively short lived, may feed on pollen and nectar of flowers, fungal spores or are attracted to sap flows on trees. The eggs are usually deposited under bark or in cracks in the wood with the help of the ovipositor. The larva is a stout, elongate, segmented, practically legless grub when full-grown, and is usually white or yellowish white or pale orange in colour. Larvae have strongly sclerotized mandibles capable of tunnelling the heartwood timber. Pupa usually lies quite naked in the pupal chamber at the tail of the larval tunnel. The microclimate of tree trunks, canopy and branches is a very important factor for this pest for normal growth and development.

https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue4/PartP/5-4-151-129.pdf

Biology, ecology and significance of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Genome-wide analysis of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) genes from the advanced genome project of the Leucinodes orbonalis and the expression analysis provided significant information about the metabolism mediated insecticide resistance. A total of 72 putative CYP genes were identified from the genome and transcriptome of L. orbonalis. The genes were classified under 30 families and 46 sub-families based on the standard nomenclature. In the present study, a novel CYP gene, CYP324F1 was identified and it has not been reported from any other living system so far. Biochemical assays showed enhanced titers (5.81-18.5 fold) of O-demethylase of cytochrome p450 monooxygenase in five field-collected populations. We selected 34 homologous CYP gene sequences, seemed to be involved in insecticide resistance for primer design and quantitative real time PCR studies. Among the many over-expressed genes (>10 fold), the expression levels of CYP324F1 and CYP306A1 were prominent across all the field populations as compared to the susceptible iso-female line. Oral delivery of ds-CYP324F1 and ds-CYP306A1 directed against CYP324F1 and CYP306A1 to the larvae of one of the insecticide resistance populations caused reduced expression of these two transcripts in a dose dependent manner (53.4 to 85.0 %). It appears that the increased titer of O-demethylase is the result of increased transcription level of CYP genes in resistant populations. The data provides insight for identifying the novel resistance management strategies against L. orbonalis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

B. Kariyanna

Papers

The checklist of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from India

An analysis of the species diversity and distribution of agriculturally important longhorn beetles (cerambycidae: coleoptera) from india

Identification of suitable reference genes for normalization of RT-qPCR data in eggplant fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis Guenée)

Biology, ecology and significance of longhorn beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Genome mining and functional analysis of cytochrome p450 genes involved in insecticide resistance in Leucinodes orbonalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)