After two decades of research and development, elliptic curve cryptography now has widespread exposure and acceptance. Industry, banking, and government standards are in place to facilitate extensive deployment of this efficient public-key mechanism. Anchored by a comprehensive treatment of the practical aspects of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), this guide explains the basic mathematics, describes state-of-the-art implementation methods, and presents standardized protocols for public-key encryption, digital signatures, and key establishment. In addition, the book addresses some issues that arise in software and hardware implementation, as well as side-channel attacks and countermeasures. Readers receive the theoretical fundamentals as an underpinning for a wealth of practical and accessible knowledge about efficient application. Features & Benefits: * Breadth of coverage and unified, integrated approach to elliptic curve cryptosystems * Describes important industry and government protocols, such as the FIPS 186-2 standard from the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology * Provides full exposition on techniques for efficiently implementing finite-field and elliptic curve arithmetic* Distills complex mathematics and algorithms for easy understanding* Includes useful literature references, a list of algorithms, and appendices on sample parameters, ECC standards, and software toolsThis comprehensive, highly focused reference is a useful and indispensable resource for practitioners, professionals, or researchers in computer science, computer engineering, network design, and network data security.

https://cdn.preterhuman.net/texts/cryptography/Hankerson,%20Menezes,%20Vanstone.%20Guide%20to%20elliptic%20curve%20cryptography%20(Springer,%202004)(ISBN%20038795273X)(332s)_CsCr_.pdf

Guide to Elliptic Curve Cryptography

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive introduction to applied cryptography with an engineer or computer scientist in mind. The emphasis is on the knowledge needed to create practical systems which supports integrity, confidentiality, or authenticity. Topics covered includes an introduction to the concepts in cryptography, attacks against cryptographic systems, key use and handling, random bit generation, encryption modes, and message authentication codes. Recommendations on algorithms and further reading is given in the end of the paper. This paper should make the reader able to build, understand and evaluate system descriptions and designs based on the cryptographic components described in the paper.

[서평]「Applied Cryptography」

http://www.123seminarsonly.com/Seminar-Reports/015/53603449-zigbee.pdf

Wireless sensor networks: A survey on the state of the art and the 802.15.4 and ZigBee standards

Modern processors use branch prediction and speculative execution to maximize performance. For example, if the destination of a branch depends on a memory value that is in the process of being read, CPUs will try to guess the destination and attempt to execute ahead. When the memory value finally arrives, the CPU either discards or commits the speculative computation. Speculative logic is unfaithful in how it executes, can access the victim's memory and registers, and can perform operations with measurable side effects. Spectre attacks involve inducing a victim to speculatively perform operations that would not occur during correct program execution and which leak the victim's confidential information via a side channel to the adversary. This paper describes practical attacks that combine methodology from side channel attacks, fault attacks, and return-oriented programming that can read arbitrary memory from the victim's process. More broadly, the paper shows that speculative execution implementations violate the security assumptions underpinning numerous software security mechanisms, including operating system process separation, containerization, just-in-time (JIT) compilation, and countermeasures to cache timing and side-channel attacks. These attacks represent a serious threat to actual systems since vulnerable speculative execution capabilities are found in microprocessors from Intel, AMD, and ARM that are used in billions of devices. While makeshift processor-specific countermeasures are possible in some cases, sound solutions will require fixes to processor designs as well as updates to instruction set architectures (ISAs) to give hardware architects and software developers a common understanding as to what computation state CPU implementations are (and are not) permitted to leak.

/pdf/spectre-attacks-exploiting-speculative-execution-132j6f4b59.pdf

Spectre Attacks: Exploiting Speculative Execution

Hardware manufacturers are increasingly outsourcing their IC fabrication work overseas due to their much lower cost structure. This poses a significant security risk for ICs used for critical military and business applications. Attackers can exploit this loss of control to substitute Trojan ICs for genuine ones or insert a Trojan circuit into the design or mask used for fabrication. We show that a technique borrowed from side-channel cryptanalysis can be used to mitigate this problem. Our approach uses noise modeling to construct a set of fingerprints/or an IC family utilizing side- channel information such as power, temperature, and electromagnetic (EM) profiles. The set of fingerprints can be developed using a few ICs from a batch and only these ICs would have to be invasively tested to ensure that they were all authentic. The remaining ICs are verified using statistical tests against the fingerprints. We describe the theoretical framework and present preliminary experimental results to show that this approach is viable by presenting results obtained by using power simulations performed on representative circuits with several different Trojan circuitry. These results show that Trojans that are 3-4 orders of magnitude smaller than the main circuit can be detected by signal processing techniques. While scaling our technique to detect even smaller Trojans in complex ICs with tens or hundreds of millions of transistors would require certain modifications to the IC design process, our results provide a starting point to address this important problem.

/pdf/trojan-detection-using-ic-fingerprinting-4p1lpfee2q.pdf

Trojan Detection using IC Fingerprinting

This paper is a contribution to the theory of true random number generators based on sampling phase jitter in oscillator rings. After discussing several misconceptions and apparently insurmountable obstacles, we propose a general model which, under mild assumptions, will generate provably random bits with some tolerance to adversarial manipulation and running in the megabit-per-second range. A key idea throughout the paper is the fill rate, which measures the fraction of the time domain in which the analog output signal is arguably random. Our study shows that an exponential increase in the number of oscillators is required to obtain a constant factor improvement in the fill rate. Yet, we overcome this problem by introducing a postprocessing step which consists of an application of an appropriate resilient function. These allow the designer to extract random samples only from a signal with only moderate fill rate and, therefore, many fewer oscillators than in other designs. Last, we develop fault-attack models and we employ the properties of resilient functions to withstand such attacks. All of our analysis is based on rigorous methods, enabling us to develop a framework in which we accurately quantify the performance and the degree of resilience of the design

/pdf/a-provably-secure-true-random-number-generator-with-built-in-4tznm7f4pg.pdf

A Provably Secure True Random Number Generator with Built-In Tolerance to Active Attacks

The cloud computing infrastructure relies on virtualized servers that provide isolation across guest OS's through sand boxing. This isolation was demonstrated to be imperfect in past work which exploited hardware level information leakages to gain access to sensitive information across co-located virtual machines (VMs). In response virtualization companies and cloud services providers have disabled features such as deduplication to prevent such attacks. In this work, we introduce a fine-grain cross-core cache attack that exploits access time variations on the last level cache. The attack exploits huge pages to work across VM boundaries without requiring deduplication. No configuration changes on the victim OS are needed, making the attack quite viable. Furthermore, only machine co-location is required, while the target and victim OS can still reside on different cores of the machine. Our new attack is a variation of the prime and probe cache attack whose applicability at the time is limited to L1 cache. In contrast, our attack works in the spirit of the flush and reload attack targeting the shared L3 cache instead. Indeed, by adjusting the huge page size our attack can be customized to work virtually at any cache level/size. We demonstrate the viability of the attack by targeting an Open SSL1.0.1f implementation of AES. The attack recovers AES keys in the cross-VM setting on Xen 4.1 with deduplication disabled, being only slightly less efficient than the flush and reload attack. Given that huge pages are a standard feature enabled in the memory management unit of OS's and that besides co-location no additional assumptions are needed, the attack we present poses a significant risk to existing cloud servers.

/pdf/s-a-a-shared-cache-attack-that-works-across-cores-and-defies-1y4bzjbxeo.pdf

S$A: A Shared Cache Attack That Works across Cores and Defies VM Sandboxing -- and Its Application to AES

The common perception of public key cryptography is that it is complex, slow and power hungry, and as such not at all suitable for use in ultra-low power environments like wireless sensor networks. It is therefore common practice to emulate the asymmetry of traditional public key based cryptographic services through a set of protocols [1] using symmetric key based message authentication codes (MACs). Although the low computational complexity of MACs is advantageous, the protocol layer requires time synchronization between devices on the network and a significant amount of overhead for communication and temporary storage. The requirement for a general purpose CPU to implement these protocols as well as their complexity makes them prone to vulnerabilities and practically eliminates all the advantages of using symmetric key techniques in the first place. In this paper we challenge the basic assumptions about public key cryptography in sensor networks which are based on a traditional software based approach. We propose a custom hardware assisted approach for which we claim that it makes public key cryptography feasible in such environments, provided we use the right selection of algorithms and associated parameters, careful optimization, and low-power design techniques. In order to validate our claim we present proof of concept implementations of two different algorithms—Rabin’s Scheme and NtruEncrypt—and analyze their architecture and performance according to various established metrics like power consumption, area, delay, throughput, level of security and energy per bit. Our implementation of NtruEncrypt in ASIC standard cell logic uses no more than 3,000 gates with an average power consumption of less than 20 μW. We envision that our public key core would be embedded into a light-weight sensor node architecture.

Public key cryptography in sensor networks—revisited

Side Channels I.- Resistance of Randomized Projective Coordinates Against Power Analysis.- Templates as Master Keys.- A Stochastic Model for Differential Side Channel Cryptanalysis.- Arithmetic for Cryptanalysis.- A New Baby-Step Giant-Step Algorithm and Some Applications to Cryptanalysis.- Further Hidden Markov Model Cryptanalysis.- Low Resources.- Energy-Efficient Software Implementation of Long Integer Modular Arithmetic.- Short Memory Scalar Multiplication on Koblitz Curves.- Hardware/Software Co-design for Hyperelliptic Curve Cryptography (HECC) on the 8051 ?P.- Special Purpose Hardware.- SHARK: A Realizable Special Hardware Sieving Device for Factoring 1024-Bit Integers.- Scalable Hardware for Sparse Systems of Linear Equations, with Applications to Integer Factorization.- Design of Testable Random Bit Generators.- Hardware Attacks and Countermeasures I.- Successfully Attacking Masked AES Hardware Implementations.- Masked Dual-Rail Pre-charge Logic: DPA-Resistance Without Routing Constraints.- Masking at Gate Level in the Presence of Glitches.- Arithmetic for Cryptography.- Bipartite Modular Multiplication.- Fast Truncated Multiplication for Cryptographic Applications.- Using an RSA Accelerator for Modular Inversion.- Comparison of Bit and Word Level Algorithms for Evaluating Unstructured Functions over Finite Rings.- Side Channel II (EM).- EM Analysis of Rijndael and ECC on a Wireless Java-Based PDA.- Security Limits for Compromising Emanations.- Security Evaluation Against Electromagnetic Analysis at Design Time.- Side Channel III.- On Second-Order Differential Power Analysis.- Improved Higher-Order Side-Channel Attacks with FPGA Experiments.- Trusted Computing.- Secure Data Management in Trusted Computing.- Hardware Attacks and Countermeasures II.- Data Remanence in Flash Memory Devices.- Prototype IC with WDDL and Differential Routing - DPA Resistance Assessment.- Hardware Attacks and Countermeasures III.- DPA Leakage Models for CMOS Logic Circuits.- The "Backend Duplication" Method.- Efficient Hardware I.- Hardware Acceleration of the Tate Pairing in Characteristic Three.- Efficient Hardware for the Tate Pairing Calculation in Characteristic Three.- Efficient Hardware II.- AES on FPGA from the Fastest to the Smallest.- A Very Compact S-Box for AES.

Berk Sunar

Papers

Trojan Detection using IC Fingerprinting

A Provably Secure True Random Number Generator with Built-In Tolerance to Active Attacks

S$A: A Shared Cache Attack That Works across Cores and Defies VM Sandboxing -- and Its Application to AES

Public key cryptography in sensor networks—revisited

Cryptographic hardware and embedded systems - CHES 2005 : 7th International Workshop, Edinburgh, UK, August 29-September 1, 2005 : proceedings