Showing papers by "Bernard Fisher published in 1969"
TL;DR: It is concluded that size may not necessarily relate to “earliness” or “lateness” of a tumor, nor is it as consequential to the fate of the patient as are other factors relative to the tumor and /or host that may be present from its inception and which determine the development of metastases.
Abstract: In this study we utilized information obtained from more than 2000 operable breast cancer patients who had been entered since 1957 into the National Breast Project by 45 institutions. The purpose was to further evaluate the concept that the size of breast neoplasms influences patient prognosis. Only 5% of patients had tumors smaller than 1.0 cm, 48% were larger than 2.9 cm, and 28% exceeded 4.0 cm. The findings, when compared with those previously reported by others, suggest that little progress has been made since about 1950 relative to the removal of smaller breast tumors. Since these data are probably more nearly representative of the size of breast tumors at surgery in this country during the past decade than most other data that are available, they provide a baseline for the evaluation of the worth of a variety of recently employed and proposed diagnostic procedures. Results obtained categorically agree with current thinking that the larger the tumor the more likely that axillary nodes will be positive, that 4 or more rather than 1-3 nodes will be involved, and tumor recurrence and mortality rates will be greater. Such an unqualified statement, however, is an oversimplification of the findings, provides no indication of the magnitude of recurrence and mortality differences to be anticipated from tumors of various sizes, and should be accepted only with reservation. It is speculated, as a result of the data presented and certain assumptions, that if all tumors 2.0 cm or larger (70% of the total) had been removed when they were 1.0-1.9 cm in size, at the end of 5 years the recurrence rate for all patients entered might have only decreased by 10-18%, and the overall survival might have increased 11-20%. From certain considerations and the results obtained, it is concluded that size may not necessarily relate to “earliness” or “lateness” of a tumor, nor is it as consequential to the fate of the patient as are other factors relative to the tumor and /or host that may be present from its inception and which determine the development of metastases. Such a conclusion does not deprecate effort toward earlier diagnosis and tumor removal. It does emphasize, however, that the reasons for such an endeavor may be different from those generally considered at present.
460 citations
TL;DR: There is a need for studies which might allow for proper evaluation of the efficacy of pre‐ and postoperative irradiation in the therapy of human neoplasms, as well as other considerations, to suggest that these apparently reversible cellular mutations might be concerned with the metastases from these tumors.
Abstract: X‐irradiation of transplants of Walker and mammary carcinomas in legs of Sprague‐Dawley and syngeneic C3H mice respectively resulted in inhibition of growth of these “primary” tumors. Yet, the incidence and extent of pulmonary metastases from irradiated Walker carcinoma were comparable to controls. Metastases in lymph nodes were decreased only after irradiation with 5000 rads. No pulmonary metastases were encountered in controls with transplants of mammary carcinoma, whereas approximately one third of those subjected to 2000 rads exhibited such lesions. Cells of both tumors exhibited histopathologic and ultrastructural aberrations at various times following irradiation which were distinct from the direct effect of this modality on cell structure. Cells of pulmonary metastases resembled those of untreated tumors. This information, as well as other considerations, suggest that these apparently reversible cellular mutations might be concerned with the metastases from these tumors. X‐irradiation of lungs and liver prior to intrajugular and intraportal inoculation of Walker tumor cells resulted in enhancement of “metastases” in these organs. This tumor bed effect appeared to be organ specific and was not related to trapping of tumor cells at these sites. On the other hand, prior irradiation of the limb inhibited growth of subsequent implants and, in some instances, regression was noted. Pulmonary and nodal metastases in this situation appeared related to the size of the “primary” growth. Although no analogies between these findings and clinical experiences are intended, nevertheless they emphasize the need for studies which might allow for proper evaluation of the efficacy of pre‐ and postoperative irradiation in the therapy of human neoplasms.
32 citations
TL;DR: The effects of ALS on parameters of tumour growth of MCA-induced tumours in which TSTA and immunological mechanisms are more firmly established are explored.
Abstract: A PREVIOUS study has shown that the administration of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) resulted in augmentation of “takes”, growth and metastases of transplanted mouse mammary tumours in their syngeneic C3HeB/FeJ hosts1. The mechanism concerned with this effect was not indisputably evident, although it seemed likely that it was related to the lymphopenic and/or other immuno-suppressive activity of ALS. Although tumour specific transplantation antigens (TSTA) have been demonstrated recently in “spontaneous” mammary tumours of C3H mice, there is some evidence that TSTA in such neoplasms are “weak”2. Because of this, we thought it worth while to explore the effects of ALS on parameters of tumour growth of MCA-induced tumours in which TSTA and immunological mechanisms are more firmly established.
29 citations
27 citations
TL;DR: Administration of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) resulted in augmentation of “takes,” growth, and metastases of transplanted mouse mammary tumors in their syngeneic C3HeB/FeJ hosts.
Abstract: SummaryAdministration of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) resulted in augmentation of “takes,” growth, and metastases of transplanted mouse mammary tumors in their syngeneic C3HeB/FeJ hosts.
25 citations
TL;DR: The present study was conducted to provide quantitative information relative to the egress of labeled tumor cells from their injection site, and to compare the rapidity of tumor cell dissemination and development of lung metastases following inoculation of cell suspension with that occurring after insertion of tumor plugs.
Abstract: Tumor transplantation by the subcutaneous inoculation of cell suspensions or implants is one of the oldest and most extensively employed techniques in experimental cancer research. Little information, however, is available relative to the time and extent of dissemination of such cells from their transplantation site, and even less has been reported regarding the influence of local factors upon this process. Such knowledge would seem fundamental for the proper interpretation of results obtained from investigations concerning tumor growth at the point of inoculation and the occurrence of distant metastases. The present study was conducted for the following reasons: (1) to provide quantitative information relative to the egress of labeled tumor cells from their injection site; (2) to compare the rapidity of tumor cell dissemination and development of lung metastases following inoculation of cell suspension with that occurring after insertion of tumor plugs; (3) to evaluate the effect of physical factors such
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