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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

This paper presents a meta-analysis of the data from 6,179 participants in 77 studies that investigated the association between working-memory capacity and language comprehension ability. A primary goal of the meta-analysis was to compare the predictive power of the measures of working memory developed by Daneman and Carpenter (1980) with the predictive power of other measures of working memory. The results of the meta-analysis support Daneman and Carpenter’s (1980) claim that measures that tap the combined processing and storage capacity of working memory (e.g., reading span, listening span) are better predictors of comprehension than are measures that tap only the storage capacity (e.g., word span, digit span). The meta-analysis also showed that math process plus storage measures of working memory are good predictors of comprehension. Thus, the superior predictive power of the process plus storage measures is not limited to measures that involve the manipulation of words and sentences.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.3758/BF03214546.pdf

Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis.

A MUCH debated question is whether sex differences exist in the functional organization of the brain for language1–4. A long-held hypothesis posits that language functions are more likely to be highly lateralized in males and to be represented in both cerebral hemispheres in females5,6, but attempts to demonstrate this have been inconclusive7–17. Here we use echo-planar functional magnetic resonance imaging18–21 to study 38 right-handed subjects (19 males and 19 females) during orthographic (letter recognition), phonological (rhyme) and semantic (semantic category) tasks. During phonological tasks, brain activation in males is lateralized to the left inferior frontal gyrus regions; in females the pattern of activation is very different, engaging more diffuse neural systems that involve both the left and right inferior frontal gyrus. Our data provide clear evidence for a sex difference in the functional organization of the brain for language and indicate that these variations exist at the level of phonological processing.

Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language

Steady-state visually evoked potentials: focus on essential paradigms and future perspectives.

Working memory and mathematics: A review of developmental, individual difference, and cognitive approaches.

Eighteen hearing-impaired subjects participated in the present study. The purpose was to investigate one general question: The nature of the relationship between verbal ability and speechreading. Verbal ability was assessed by two types of measure: a test of vocabulary size, and four tests of lexical access speed. The results demonstrated that lexical access speed was related to speechreading performance. Vocabulary size was not found to be directly related to the speechreading criterion; rather, its influence was in an indirect fashion via its relation to lexical access speed. It was concluded that lexical access speed could be used as a diagnostic tool, such that when an individual demonstrates lexical access that is unreasonably slow, it could be taken as an indication to suggest that rehabilitation programs should emphasize alternatives to speechreading. A general implication of the present results is that absence of relation between a predictor variable and the speechreading criterion does not necess...

The relationship between verbal ability and sentence-based speechreading.

Objectives For the last decade a host of different projects have been launched to allow persons who are concerned about their hearing status to quickly and at a low cost test their hearing ability. ...

https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/3/9/e003223.full.pdf

Internet-based hearing screening using speech-in-noise validation and comparisons of self-reported hearing problems, quality of life and phonological representation

Twenty-one hearing-impaired subjects participated in the present study designed to investigate two questions. First, whether the ability to discriminate isolated words is related to sentence-based speech-reading. Second, whether older adults (i.e., 52 to 75 years) could, as in listening tasks, benefit relatively more than younger adults (i.e., 31 to 50 years) when extra contextual information is offered in the speech-reading task. The results demonstrated that word discrimination contributes significantly to efficient speech-reading performance. However, the nature of the relationship is dependent on the particular aspect of word discrimination being tested: that is, one aspect of the word-discrimination test (involving a short-term memory component) was tied to one specific speech-reading condition only (i.e., 3-word sentences), whereas another aspect (without a short-term memory component) facilitated performance in all kinds of speech-reading conditions. For both age groups it was found that contextual...

Word discrimination and chronological age related to sentence-based speech-reading skill.

In a case study the cognitive characteristics of a skilled visual speechreader (SJ) was examined and compared to a control group. SJ is a 56 year old woman, skilled in visual speechreading. She differs from most of the 119 individuals in the control group, as she uses a particular speechreading strategy in which she attempts to repeat overtly each spoken word as soon as it has been uttered, and to summarize and fill in missing pieces of information whenever it is possible (e.g., during pauses) during the conversation.



SJ outperformed the control group on three types of tasks; a reading span task, performance in the asymptote level in the serial position curve, and verbal inference-making. SJ's results were discussed with respect to (a) how they relate to the general case (i.e., models based on group-data) and to (b) her speechreading strategy. From a clinical perspective it was suggested that it might be possible to practice the strategy as such, but any possible improvement is dependent on the individual's capability to process information in this way.

Björn Lyxell

Papers

The relationship between verbal ability and sentence-based speechreading.

The relationship between verbal ability and sentence-based speechreading.

Internet-based hearing screening using speech-in-noise validation and comparisons of self-reported hearing problems, quality of life and phonological representation

Word discrimination and chronological age related to sentence-based speech-reading skill.

Skilled speechreading: A single-case study