Intracellular MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling cascades probably play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac and vascular disease. A substantial amount of basic science research has defined many of the details of MAPK pathway organization and activation, but the role of individual signalling proteins in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases is still being elucidated. In the present review, the role of the MAPKs ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 MAPK in cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis will be examined, with attention paid to genetically modified murine model systems and to the use of pharmacological inhibitors of protein kinases. Despite the complexities of this field of research, attractive targets for pharmacological therapy are emerging.

MAPK signalling in cardiovascular health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets

A review on the medicinal potentials of ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular diseases.

Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen: A review.

Pharmacological and medical applications of Panax ginseng and ginsenosides: a review for use in cardiovascular diseases.

Cardiovascular Diseases and Panax ginseng: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms and Medical Applications

Total panax notoginsenosides prevent atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice: Role of downregulation of CD40 and MMP-9 expression

The purpose of this study was to test our hypothesis that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 may favorably affect tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) secretion and left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial ischemia (MI) The left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was ligated to produce anterior MI in 40 rats that were randomly divided into two groups: p38i group (n = 24) and MIR group (MI rat models, n = 24) A sham operation group without LAD ligation (Sham, n = 16) was also studied SB203580 (2 mg/kg) and saline was injected ip once every 3 days in the first two groups, respectively One and six weeks after MI, cardiac function, myocardial fibrosis, the cardiac expressions of phosphorylated p38 MAPK (p-p38 MAPK), TNFα, alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and collagen I, the ultramicrostructure of the myocardium were examined by echocardiography, histological staining, western blot, immunohistochemical staining, transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively Treatments with SB203580 suppressed myocardial fibrosis and LV remodeling, as well as attenuated the expressions of p-p38-MAPK, TNFα, αSMA and collagen I as compared with the MIR In conclusion, SB203850 has an effect of inhibiting inflammation-induced fibrosis, which leads to attenuation of LV remodeling

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibition Decreases TNFalpha Secretion and Protects Against Left Ventricular Remodeling in Rats with Myocardial Ischemia

Ginsenoside-Rg1 (Rg1) has been used in the traditional Chinese medicine for over 2,000 years The present study was performed to test our hypothesis that Rg1 provides pro-angiogenic and anti-fibrotic benefits in the ischemic myocardium in a rat model of myocardial infarction The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and phosphorylation/activation of PI3K, Akt, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways were examined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in the myocardial samples of rats In addition, the expression levels of TNF-α and collagen I level, the number of newly formed blood vessels, the extent of myocardial fibrosis, and left ventricular function were measured in vivo Our results demonstrated that administration of Rg1 increased VEGF expression levels, activated PI3K/Akt, and inhibited p38 MAPK in vitro and in vivo Furthermore, Rg1 increased the density of newly formed vessels, decreased TNF-α and collagen I expression levels and area of myocardial fibrosis, and improved left ventricle function in vivo PI3K inhibitor LY294002 significantly attenuated Rg1-enhanced VEGF expression and capillary density As well, inhibition of p38 MAPK slightly increased VEGF expression in vitro and in vivo, increased capillary density, and decreased TNF-α and collagen I expression levels and area of myocardial fibrosis in vivo Rg1-induced activation of PI3K/Akt also contributed to the downregulation of p38 MAPK Thus, Rg1 is effective in promoting angiogenesis and attenuating myocardial fibrosis, resulting in ameliorated left ventricular function The possible mechanisms may involve activation of PI3K/Akt, inhibition of p38 MAPK, and cross talk between the two signaling pathways

Ginsenoside-Rg1 enhances angiogenesis and ameliorates ventricular remodeling in a rat model of myocardial infarction.

Ginsenoside-Rg1 (Rg1) has been used in the traditional Chinese medicine for over 2,000 years. The present study was performed to test our hypothesis that Rg1 provides pro-angiogenic and anti-fibrotic benefits in the ischemic myocardium in a rat model of myocardial infarction. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and phosphorylation/activation of PI3K, Akt, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways were examined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in the myocardial samples of rats. In addition, the expression levels of TNF-α and collagen I level, the number of newly formed blood vessels, the extent of myocardial fibrosis, and left ventricular function were measured in vivo. Our results demonstrated that administration of Rg1 increased VEGF expression levels, activated PI3K/Akt, and inhibited p38 MAPK in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, Rg1 increased the density of newly formed vessels, decreased TNF-α and collagen I expression levels and area of myocardial fibrosis, and improved left ventricle function in vivo. PI3K inhibitor LY294002 significantly attenuated Rg1-enhanced VEGF expression and capillary density. As well, inhibition of p38 MAPK slightly increased VEGF expression in vitro and in vivo, increased capillary density, and decreased TNF-α and collagen I expression levels and area of myocardial fibrosis in vivo. Rg1-induced activation of PI3K/Akt also contributed to the downregulation of p38 MAPK. Thus, Rg1 is effective in promoting angiogenesis and attenuating myocardial fibrosis, resulting in ameliorated left ventricular function. The possible mechanisms may involve activation of PI3K/Akt, inhibition of p38 MAPK, and cross talk between the two signaling pathways.

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Bo Wang

Papers

Total panax notoginsenosides prevent atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice: Role of downregulation of CD40 and MMP-9 expression

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibition Decreases TNFalpha Secretion and Protects Against Left Ventricular Remodeling in Rats with Myocardial Ischemia

Ginsenoside-Rg1 enhances angiogenesis and ameliorates ventricular remodeling in a rat model of myocardial infarction.

Retraction Note to: Ginsenoside-Rg1 enhances angiogenesis and ameliorates ventricular remodeling in a rat model of myocardial infarction

Effect of traditional Chinese medicine Shu-Mai-Tang on attenuating TNFα-induced myocardial fibrosis in myocardial ischemia rats